Sprouting is an effective treatment for improving nutritional and bioactive properties as well as lowering the anti-nutritional compounds in pseudo-cereals. Enhancing nutritional properties when using sprouted pseudo-cereals flours as a baking ingredient requires tailored formulation. Simplex centroid designs and response surface methodology has been applied in the present study to define the ideal proportions of ternary blends of sprouted kiwicha (SKF), cañihua (SCF) and wheat flours (WF) to simultaneously enhance the content in bioactive compounds (γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA, total soluble phenolic compounds and TSPC), as well as sensory (odor, color, taste and texture) and functional attributes (antioxidant activity, AA) while reducing phytic acid (PA) content of bread. The effect of gastric and intestinal digestion on bioactive compounds, AA, PA and starch hydrolysis was also evaluated. Mixture design allowed for the identification of optimal formulation (5% SKF, 23.1% SCF, 71.9% WF) that can be used to obtain breads with higher content of GABA, TSPC, AA, overall sensorial acceptability (scores > 7) and reduced PA content and glycemic index. Moreover, this study demonstrated that these nutritional and health benefits provided by the replacement of WF by sprouted pseudo-cereal flours remained upon digestion. The results of this study indicated that WF replacement with SKF and SCF is sensory acceptable and improved the nutritional quality of bread.

A mixture design (MD) was used to evaluate the effect of replacing wheat flour (WF) with sprouted cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen), kiwicha (Amarathus caudatus L.), and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) flours (SCF, SKF, and SQF, respectively) on the content of phytic acid (PA), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), total soluble phenolic compounds (TSPC), and antioxidant activity (AA) in biscuits. Generally, sprouted pseudocereal flours contained lower amounts of starch and protein, comparable fat, ash, PA content, and increased levels of bioactive compounds (GABA and TSPC) and AA compared with wholegrain flours. Moreover, it was confirmed that sprouted pseudocereal flours were nutritionally superior to refined WF. MD allowed the modeling of target parameters showing that PA, GABA, TSPC, and AA were positively influenced by the proportion of flours in the biscuit. The models that better described the variation in nutritional parameters as a function of the formulation displayed typically linear and binary interactions terms. SKF exerted the highest influence on the increased content of PA. Therefore, to increase mineral bioavailability, the use of SCF and SQF in the formulation of biscuits was suggested. SCF and SQF positively influenced in GABA, TSPC, and AA in biscuits. The optimal ternary blends of flours that maximize the content of bioactive compounds and AA of biscuits and simultaneously minimize PA content were identified. To study the fate of biscuits in digestion, the optimal formulation for biscuits containing SQF/SCF was selected. For this type of baked product, reduced starch digestibility and glycemic index was observed compared with the control (100% WF). Moreover, the amounts of bioaccessible GABA, TSPC, and AA were higher in gastric and intestinal digests compared with control biscuit. Overall, these results highlighted the nutritional and health benefits of incorporation of flours from sprouted Andean grains in the production of biscuits.

No abstract

The incorporation of germinated grains in food formulation is an increasing trend, due to its superior nutritional quality and health-promoting properties as compared to their ungerminated counterparts. The aims of this study were: (1) to improve the nutritional properties of sliced bread by the replacement of wheat flour (WF) with germinated quinoa (GQF), kiwicha (GKF), and cañihua (GCF) flours; and (2) to optimize composition of flour blends using a Simplex Centroid Mixture Design (SCMD), the desired function methodology and performing the screening of rheological parameters in bread doughs (development time, stability time, resistance to extension, gelatinization temperature, and maximum gelatinization). Bioactive compounds (total phenolic compounds, TPC; gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA) and antioxidant activity (oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ORAC) of flours from germinated grains was performed. A total of 14 flour blends formulations based on GQF (5–15%), GCF (5–15%), and WF (80–90%) blends or GKF (5–15%), GCF (5–15%), and WF (80–90%) were included in the SCMD to determine the optimal dough that guarantees a sliced bread with technological and sensory quality. TPC, GABA, and ORAC in flours of germinated pseudocereals ranged from 72–134 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g, 100–217 mg/100 g, and 448–3395 mg trolox equivalents/100 g, respectively. The results indicated that the substitution levels influence the rheological properties of WF doughs (control). Highest desirability values were observed for doughs produced from the following two flour blends: 87.6% (WF), 5% (GKF), and 7.4% (GCF); and 84.6% (WF), 5% (GQF) and 10.4% (GCF). This investigation clearly indicates that germinated pseudocereal grains could be used to produced sliced breads with higher nutritional quality and acceptable technofunctional properties.