Introduction Our aim was to assess differences in movement measures in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) vs. typically developing (TD) controls. Methods We performed meta-analyses of published studies on motion measures contrasting ADHD with controls. We also conducted a case-control study with children/adolescents (n=61 TD, n=62 ADHD) and adults (n=30 TD, n=19 ADHD) using the McLean Motion Activity Test, semi-structured diagnostic interviews and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function and Conners (Parent, Teacher; Self) Rating Scales. Results Meta-analyses revealed medium-to-large effect sizes for actigraph (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.64, 95% Confidence interval (CI): 0.43, 0.85) and motion tracking systems (SDM: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.65, 1.20) measures in differentiating individuals with ADHD from controls. Effects sizes were similar in studies of children/adolescents ([SMD]:0.75, 95% CI: 0.50, 1.01) and of adults ([SMD]: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.46, 1.00). In our sample, ADHD groups differed significantly in number of Head Movements (p=0.02 in children; p=0.002 in adults), Displacement (p=0.009/p<0.001), Head Area (p=0.03/p<0.001), Spatial Complexity (p=0.06/p=0.02) and Temporal Scaling (p=0.05/p=0.04). Mean effect sizes were non-significantly larger (d=0.83, 95% CI: 0.20, 1.45) in adults vs. children/adolescents with ADHD (d=0.45, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.82). In the concurrent go/no-go task, reaction time variability was significantly greater in ADHD (p<0.05 in both age groups) than controls. Conclusions Locomotor hyperactivity remains core to the construct of ADHD even in adults. Our results suggest that objective locomotion measures may be particularly useful in evaluating adults with possible ADHD.

Introduction: COVID-19 represents a serious threat to mental health worldwide. The aim of this study is to identify changes in adolescent psychiatry treatment demand in a tertiary hospital in Madrid during the first month (March 11 to April 11) after the pandemic declaration by the World Health Organization (WHO). We hypothesized that fear of contagion within COVID-19 may deter people from asking for psychiatric care.Method: The current study is retrospective, observational, and transversal. We reviewed the clinical records of 89 adolescents who went to the Emergency Room (ER) or were hospitalized at the Acute Inpatient Unit (AIU) at the Puerta de Hierro University Hospital-Majadahonda (PHUH-M) between March 11 and April 11. Socio-demographic, clinical, and demand variables were included in the study. Chi-square or Fisher exact tests were performed to compare categorical variables. We used the U Mann-Whitney test to compare quantitative variables. The level of statistical significance was set at p&lt; 0.05. Analyses were conducted using SPSS v11.0.Results: The number of adolescents demanding psychiatric care at the ER dropped from 64 adolescents in 2019 to 25 in 2020. Similarly, psychiatric demand collapsed from 31 to 18 patients when comparing 2019 and 2020. Furthermore, the average hospital stay in 2020 trended toward a decrease when compared to 2019 (8.94 ± 4.87 vs. 14.32 ±10.23, p = 0.08). Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors were the most predominant reasons for consultation at both ER and AIU.Conclusion: The demand for adolescent psychiatric care decreased in the first month after the declaration of the pandemic. Our findings may be explained by (1) the fear of contagion, (2) the strict confinement measures, and (3) the initial shock as an adaptive reaction described in other disasters. Further studies are needed.

Intrapartum oxytocin administration might inhibit the expression of several primitive neonatal reflexes associated with breastfeeding. This correlation does not seem to be dose-dependent.

Esquemas cognitivos disfuncionales y dependencia emocional en mujeres con y sin violencia en la relación de pareja de la ciudad de LimaEarly maladaptive schemas and emotional dependence in battered women and no battered women in the city of Lima RESUMENEn el estudio se sometió al análisis las variables esquemas cognitivos disfuncionales tempranos y dependencia emocional en función a la presencia o no de violencia en una muestra de 385 mujeres con y sin violencia en la relación de pareja, a quienes se les administró una ficha de datos sociodemográficos, el Cuestionario de Esquemas de Young integrado por 18 esquemas y el Inventario de Dependencia Emocional. Se encontró que existe una correlación muy significativa y positiva entre las dimensiones y los esquemas disfuncionales tempranos con los factores de la dependencia emocional, agravada por la presencia de violencia en la relación de pareja (sig.=0.01), lo cual es un indicador de riesgo latente en la muestra examinada porque facilita la permanencia en una relación de pareja disfuncional y violenta así como alto riego en su salud mental. Se encontró además mayor relación entre la dependencia emocional con los esquemas; cuando hay violencia las dimensiones están más afectadas. Asimismo, se hallaron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos. Es la presencia de violencia en la relación de pareja la que activa los esquemas y produce síndromes y trastornos en la salud mental de las mujeres.Palabras clave: Esquemas cognitivos, dependencia emocional, violencia en la relación de pareja y mujeres víctimas de maltrato. ABSTRACTThe study submitted to the analysis of the following variables: early maladaptive schemas and emotional dependence in function to the presence or not of violence in a sample of 385 women battered women and no battered, who were given a sociodemographic survey, the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3) composed of 18 schemes and the Emotional Dependence Inventory. It was found that there is a significant and positive correlation between dimensions and early maladaptive schemes with factors of emotional dependency, compounded by the presence of violence in the relationship (sig. = 0.01) which is an indicator of latent risk in the sample examined because it facilitates the permanence in a dysfunctional and violent relationship with a partner as well as a high risk of their mental health. In addition, mayor relationship between emotional dependence and early maladaptive schemes, when there is violence Dimensions of schemes are more affected. It was also found significant differences between the two groups. The presence of violence in the couple relationship activates the early maladaptive schemes and produce syndromes and mental disorders in the women.Keywords: Early maladaptive schemas, emotional dependence, violence in couple relationship and battered women.

In this study, no statistically significant effect of intrapartum synthetic oxytocin administration was observed pertaining to the initiation or duration of breastfeeding.