No abstract

Background-The outcome of patients with corrected transposition of the great arteries (CTGA) is variably affected by associated intracardiac defects, tricuspid valve competence, and systemic right ventricular (RV) function. The relative importance of these factors in long-term outcome has not been evaluated. Methods and Results-Since 1958, 40 patients with CTGA were studied to determine risk factors for poor outcome,including age, open heart surgery, tricuspid insufficiency (TI), cardiac rhythm, pulmonary overcirculation, and RV dysfunction. Follow-up ranged from 7 to 36 years (mean 20 years). Intracardiac repair was performed in 21 patients; 19 were unoperated or had closed heart procedures. For the purposes of this study the designation TI s refers to at least moderately severe TI as delineated by echocardiogram and/or angiography. TI s was the only independently significant factor for death (Pϭ0.01), and in turn, only the presence of a morphologically abnormal TV predicted TI s (Pϭ0.03). Twenty-year survival without TI s was 93%, but only 49% with TI s . Poor long-term postoperative outcome was due to TI s in all but 1 patient; 20-year survival rates for operated patients with and without TI s were 34% and 90%, respectively (Pϭ0.002). Similarly, 20-year survival rates for unoperated patients with and without TI s were 60% and 100%, respectively, whether or not attempts to repair the TI were made (Pϭ0.08). Conclusions-TI s represents the major risk factor for CTGA patients; RV dysfunction appears to be almost always secondary to long-standing TI. Decisions related to surgical interventions with or without associated lesions must be strongly influenced by the status of the tricuspid valve. (Circulation. 1998;98:997-1005.)

Stent angioplasty results in less restenosis than dilation, particularly for stents >or=10 mm. Early referral may improve long-term patency by minimizing reference vessel atrophy. Most patients with PVS post-PVI can be improved symptomatically with catheter intervention.

Severe pulmonary vein stenosis after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation is associated with respiratory symptoms that frequently mimic more common diseases, often leading to erroneous diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Awareness of this syndrome is important for proper and prompt management.