An isoline connects points that have the same value, while an isochrone connects points on a map with the same travel time to a point. They are useful, amongst others, for transportation planning (e.g., Biazzo et al., 2019;Wiśniewski, 2017), for showing the time it takes runoff in a drainage basin to reach a lake (e.g., Ovcharuk et al. 2020;Ashmore et al., 2020) or for assessing accessibility of public services (e.g., Basu & Alves, 2019;Snyman, 2017). During the current COVID-19 pandemic, isochrones were used to assess whether citizens would be able to walk or cycle to everything they need within a given timeframe (Altaweel, 2020;Chu, 2020).The Bill of Rights in the South African Constitution (1996) protects the right to life, therefore improving emergency management services and access to hospitals is a priority. In this essay we describe a map (see Figure 1), recently prepared for the South African Heart Association STEMI SA Early Intervention Initiative, that envisages to improve systems of care to afford timely and appropriate management of ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) heart attacks. The Community-Oriented Primary Care

Street segments as a micro-level unit of analysis have become increasingly popular in spatial crime research with a plethora of studies having shown how crime spatially concentrates at this spatial scale. The vast majority of this research has, however, emanated from the United States and other 'Westernized' cities, with little attention on less developed contexts. Developing countries have different structural and design conditions from developed countries and this could be reflected in micro-spatial crime patterns. In this study, we undertook the first street segment analysis of crime in southern Africa with a particular focus on the township of Khayelitsha, located approximately 30 kilometers from Cape Town. Townships are uniquely South African urban settlements, borne out of repressive apartheid-era spatial planning policies. Results showed that violent, property, and sexual crimes concentrate spatially in Khayelitsha at the street segment level with substantial street-to-street variability. From a practical perspective, so-called 'hot streets' should be the primary focus of intervention by law enforcement agencies tasked with reducing crime in countries with far less resources than their Global North counterparts. We recommend replication of this analysis in other African contexts in order to build up a body of evidence to either support or challenge the notion of 'crime concentration at micro-places' commonly advocated by international scholars.

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