The increase in events associated with drought constraints plant growth and crop performance. Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is sensitive to water deficit stress (DS), which limits productivity. The aim of this research was to characterise the response of seven (CCN51, FEAR5, ICS1, ICS60, ICS95, EET8, and TSH565) commercially important cacao clones to severe and temporal water deficit stress. Ten-month-old cacao trees were submitted to two treatments: well-watered and water-stressed until the leaf water potential (Ψleaf) reached values between −3.0 and −3.5 MPa. The effects of hydric stress on water relations, gas exchange, photochemical activity, membrane integrity and oxidative stress-related gene expression were evaluated. All clones showed decreases in Ψleaf, but TSH565 had a higher capacity to maintain water homeostasis in leaves. An initial response phase consisted of stomatal closure, a general mechanism to limit water loss: as a consequence, the photosynthetic rate dropped by approximately 98% on average. In some clones, the photosynthetic rate reached negative values at the maximum stress level, evidencing photorespiration and was confirmed by increased intracellular CO2. A second and photosynthetically limited phase was characterized by a drop in PSII quantum efficiency, which affected all clones. On average, all clones were able to recover after 4 days of rewatering. Water deficit triggered oxidative stress at the early phase, as evidenced by the upregulation of oxidative stress markers and genes encoding ROS scavenging enzymes. The effects of water deficit stress on energy metabolism were deduced given the upregulation of fermentative enzyme-coding genes. Altogether, our results suggest that the EET8 clone was the highest performing under water deficit while the ICS-60 clone was more susceptible to water stress. Importantly, the activation of the antioxidant system and PSII repair mechanism seem to play key roles in the observed differences in tolerance to water deficit stress among clones.
Antecedentes: El cacao es un cultivo del neotrópico de importancia económica mundial, de uso ancestral en las culturas precolombinas. Se considera una especie de sombra, aunque algunos genotipos híbridos pueden crecer a plena exposición solar. Esta capacidad de tolerar diferentes niveles de luz varía, pudiendo aprovecharse para optimizar el rendimiento de los cultivos. Preguntas: ¿Existen diferencias en la capacidad fotosintética de los clones de cacao ICS60, TSH565, FEAR5, CCN51 y EET8 frente a diferentes niveles de densidad de flujo fotónico (DFF)? Especie de estudio: Theobroma cacao L. Sitio y años de estudio: Estación Bambusa. Pacho, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Octubre 2021. Métodos: Se hicieron curvas de respuesta fotosintética a la DFF en plantas de dos años de edad que crecieron expuestas a la luz solar. Se evaluó el funcionamiento del fotosistema II (PSII) a partir de las variables de la fluorescencia de la clorofila. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la capacidad fotosintética de los clones, siendo CCN51 el que presentó la mayor capacidad fotosintética a mayor cantidad de DFF, mientras que el clon TSH565 mostró mejor capacidad fotosintética a baja DFF. La actividad fotoquímica fue similar entre clones, sin evidencia de afectación al PSII, sugiriendo ausencia de fotoinhibición bajo las condiciones evaluadas. Conclusión: Estos resultados podrían guiar y recomendar el uso y aprovechamiento de estos clones bajo condiciones específicas de luz. El conocimiento generado contribuye a la implementación de prácticas de manejo que optimicen el uso de la DFF disponible para aumentar las tasas fotosintéticas, y conjuntamente, impactar en mayores rendimientos.
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