Endophytic fungi live in symbiotic association with plants for at least part of their life. They are potential agents for the production of new and bioactive compounds, as well as for the use in agriculture, medicine and industry. Endophytic fungi produce Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), which are low molecular weight compounds that readily evaporate at normal temperatures and pressures. Fungi are not only capable of producing a wide variety of volatile compounds, they are also able to metabolize them and they have a great importance in chemical ecology. Mixtures of VOCs produced by endophytic fungi are mainly composed by alcohols, aldehydes, esters, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, terpenoids, nitrogen and sulfur compounds. They can be used in biotechnological applications such as biofuels, mycofumigation, alellochemicals, flavor in food and in the chemotaxonomic identification of fungi. The objective of this mini review was to perform a search in the literature on the endophytic fungi producing VOCs and their biotechnological potential. Fungos endofíticos vivem em associação simbiótica com plantas por pelo menos parte de sua vida. Apresentam potencial na produção de substâncias novas e bioativas, e na descoberta de agentes para uso de interesse agrícola, medicinal e industrial. Os fungos endofíticos são produtores de compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs), que são compostos de baixo peso molecular que evaporam facilmente em temperaturas e pressões ambiente. Os fungos não são apenas capazes de criar uma grande variedade de compostos voláteis como também de metabolizá-los, e são de grande importância na ecologia química. As misturas de COVs produzidos por fungos endofíticos são compostas principalmente por álcoois, aldeídos, ésteres, aromáticos, hidrocarbonetos alifáticos, terpenoides e compostos contendo nitrogênio e enxofre. Podem ser usados em aplicações biotecnológicas como biocombustíveis, agentes de micofumigação, agentes aleloquímicos, flavorizantes em alimentos e na identificação quimiotaxonômica de fungos. O objetivo desta mini revisão foi realizar uma busca na literatura sobre os fungos endofíticos produtores de COVs e seus potenciais biotecnológicos.
Coriolopsis rigida was isolated as an endophytic fungus from the medicinal plant Cochlospermum regium. The fungus was cultivated on solid media containing rice or pineapple crown bran for analyzing the production of extracellular enzymes. The activities of lipase, β-xylosidase, pectinase, fructosyltransferase (FTase), invertase, α-amylase and total cellulolytic (FPase) were determined. The fungus showed positive activity for all enzymes with yield for FTase highest (3.59 ± 0.52 U.gss-1) in pineapple crown bran medium. In general, in pineapple crown bran medium the fungus had a higher enzyme production than in rice medium. Demonstrating the biotechnological potential of C. rigida in the production of enzymes of industrial interest.
Dengue is an emerging epidemic disease and among those transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, it is the one with the highest number of cases and cases with death. With the wide dissemination of the beneficial effects of medicinal plants and the use in agriculture as a pesticide, studies on the prospection of plants with toxic activity have been increasing, highlighting extracts and essential oils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Hypenia irregularis essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation, in a Clevenger-type device modified against 3rd instar larvae and adult mosquitoes of Aedes aegypti. The chemical composition of the oil was determined using the Gas Chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) technique. The major compounds were: 2, 5-dimethoxy-ρcymene, thymol, o-cymene, phenol-3-(1, 1-dimethylethyl)-4-methoxy and humulene with 27.0, 21.36, 15.56, 8.89 and 5.01%, respectively. For all the tests, were applied concentrations ranging from 0.007 to 0.13 μl.ml-1 , for the larvicidal test was denoted LC 50 0.037 μl.ml-1 and CL 95 0,122 μl.ml-1 , for the time response required to achieve 95% mortality (TL 95) was 27.412 min. In the oviposition bioassay it was observed that the higher the concentration of essential oil used (0.2 μl ml-1), the lower the number of eggs deposited, the less eggs being deposited as compared to the untreated tests. In addition, the action of H. irregularis oil showed better results than the commercial insect repellent composed of N, Ndiethyl-m-toluamide (15 %) in 135 min of exposure to mosquitoes.
As fitoalexinas podem ser induzidas por agentes bióticos e abióticos conhecidos como eliciadores. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o potencial do óleo essencial de Cymbopogon citratus Stapf., do fungo Trichoderma sp. e de leveduras na indução de fitoalexinas em mesocótilos de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) e cotilédones de soja (Glycine max L.). As leveduras Sacharomyces cerevisiae, Sacharomyces boulardii e o fungo Trichoderma sp. foram testados nas concentrações 0,5; 5; 25; 50; 75 e 100%. O óleo de Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. nas concentrações de 625, 1250, 2500, 5000 e 7500 µg/mL. O produto comercial acorda® foi utilizado como testemunha positiva para os testes em soja e o Biozyme® para sorgo. Água destilada esterilizada foi testemunha negativa para os testes em ambas as culturas. As duas metodologias de indução de resistência em sorgo diferiram-se no seguinte: na primeira os mesocótilos foram excisados 0,5 cm acima do nó escutelar e colocados em tubos, contendo 1 mL da amostra a ser testada. Na segunda as plântulas receberam aspersão de 2 mL das amostras a serem testadas em diferentes concentrações. Todas as substâncias avaliadas promoveram o acúmulo de fitoalexinas em soja e sorgo. O tratamento com o óleo foi o mais eficiente, porém, no caso do sorgo, as altas concentrações de óleo provocaram inibição no crescimento da plântula. A segunda metodologia de indução de resistência em sorgo gerou melhores resultados que a primeira devido ao grande acúmulo de fitoalexinas e à possibilidade de observação da reação da plântula a cada tratamento.
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