The
mechanism of boron-to-nickel transmetalation, the key step
of the nickel-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura (S-M) coupling, was examined
both experimentally and theoretically. Dinuclear μ-hydroxo-bridged
complexes formed by reaction of trans-[ArNi(PR3)2X] with hydroxide are not directly involved in
transmetalation, but they rather act as a resting state for the catalyst.
The base/boronic acid ratio is the crucial parameter, as it modulates
the extent of formation of these dinuclear species and thus tunes
the catalytic activity. These findings explain some limitations encountered
in practical applications of nickel-catalyzed S-M couplings and suggest
how to tailor the experimental conditions in order to overcome these
difficulties.
We report a simple protocol for the photochemical Giese addition of C(sp
3
)‐centered radicals to a variety of electron‐poor olefins. The chemistry does not require external photoredox catalysts. Instead, it harnesses the excited‐state reactivity of 4‐alkyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines (4‐alkyl‐DHPs) to generate alkyl radicals. Crucial for reactivity is the use of a catalytic amount of Ni(bpy)
3
2+
(bpy=2,2′‐bipyridyl), which acts as an electron mediator to facilitate the redox processes involving fleeting and highly reactive intermediates.
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