† Current address: Rod. MG-443 km 7, Fazenda do Cadete, Ouro Branco-MG, room 107.2, CE 36420-000, Brazil. ‡ These authors contributed equally to this work.Abstract: Over the past few decades, the growth of the urban population has been remarkable. Nowadays, 50% of the population lives in urban areas, and forecasts point that by 2050 this number will reach 70%. Today, 64% of all travel made is within urban environments and the total amount of urban kilometers traveled is expected to triple by 2050. Thus, seeking novel solutions for urban mobility becomes paramount for 21st century society. In this work, we discuss the performance of vehicular networks. We consider the metric Delta Network. The Delta Network characterizes the connectivity of the vehicular network through the percentage of travel time in which vehicles are connected to roadside units. This article reviews the concept of the Delta Network and extends its study through the presentation of a general heuristic based on the definition of scores to identify the areas of the road network that should receive coverage. After defining the general heuristic, we show how small changes in the score computation can generate very distinct (and interesting) patterns of coverage, each one suited to a given scenario. In order to exemplify such behavior, we propose three deployment strategies based on simply changing the computation of scores. We compare the proposed strategies to the intuitive strategy of allocating communication units at the most popular zones of the road network. Experiments show that the strategies derived from the general heuristic provide higher coverage than the intuitive strategy when using the same number of communication devices. Moreover, the resulting pattern of coverage is very interesting, with roadside units deployed a circle pattern around the traffic epicenter. safety, real estate, transportation, and utilities-more inteligent". Nam and Pardo [2] group key conceptual components of smart cities into three categories of core factors: Technology (infrastructures of hardware and software), people (creativity, diversity, and education), and institution (governance and policy). Given the connection between the factors, a city is smart when investments in human/social capital and IT infrastructure fuel sustainable growth and enhance a quality of life, through participatory governance [3].Over the past few decades, the growth of the urban population has been remarkable. Nowadays, 50% of the population lives in urban areas, and forecasts point that by 2050 this number will reach 70%. Today, 64% of all travel made is within urban environments and the total amount of urban kilometers traveled is expected to triple by 2050 [4]. Thus, seeking novel solutions for urban mobility becomes paramount for 21st century society. In fact, several researches are already in advanced state: The development of autonomous vehicles [5] combined with car-sharing services [6] may shape a new automotive industry, and introduce a new paradigm in the way we use vehicl...

Over the past few decades, the growth of the urban population has been remarkable. Nowadays, 50% of the population lives in urban areas, and forecasts point that by 2050 this number will reach 70%. Today, 64% of all travel made is within urban environments and the total amount of urban kilometers traveled is expected to triple by 2050. Thus, seeking novel solutions for urban mobility becomes paramount for 21st century society. In this work, we discuss the performance of vehicular networks. We consider the metric Delta Network. The Delta Network characterizes the connectivity of the vehicular network through the percentage of travel time in which vehicles are connected to roadside units. This article reviews the concept of Delta Network and extends its study through the presentation of a general heuristic based on the definition of scores to identify the areas of the road network that should receive coverage. After defining the general heuristic, we show how small changes in the score computation can generate very distinct (and interesting) patterns of coverage, each one suited to a given scenario. In order to exemplify such behavior, we propose three deployment strategies based on simply changing the computation of scores. The results show that the strategies derived from the general heuristic are very interesting, all of them deploying roadside units in a circle pattern around the traffic epicenter.

In the search of new energy sources, this work aimed to investigate the pyrolysis of malt waste, the major by‐product generated from the brewing industry, to produce biochar and bio‐oil. The study also explored the effects of pyrolysis temperature and concentration of MgCl2 catalyst on the yields of bio‐oil, biochar and pyrolytic gas. The pyrolysis products were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of the studied variables on the yields and quality of the pyrolysis products were quantified using regression technique. It was found that the use of MgCl2 favored dehydration reactions and generated biochar and bio‐oil with less oxygen and greater calorific value, thus improving their use as a fuel. In addition, the MgCl2 accelerated the formation of intermediate compounds at low temperatures, changed the reaction pathways and decreased the reaction complexity, consequently reducing the activation energy value and the order of reactions.