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Summary Background : Cross‐sectional studies indicate that gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease symptoms have a prevalence of 10–20% in Western countries and are associated with obesity, smoking, oesophagitis, chest pain and respiratory disease. Aim : To determine the natural history of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease presenting in primary care in the UK. Methods : Patients with a first diagnosis of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease during 1996 were identified in the UK General Practice Research Database and compared with age‐ and sex‐matched controls. We investigated the incidence of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease, potential risk factors and comorbidities, and relative risk for subsequent oesophageal complications and mortality. Results : The incidence of a gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease diagnosis was 4.5 per 1000 person‐years (95% confidence interval: 4.4–4.7). Prior use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, smoking, excess body weight and gastrointestinal and cardiac conditions were associated with an increased risk of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease diagnosis. Subjects with gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease had an increased risk of respiratory problems, chest pain and angina in the year after diagnosis, and had a relative risk of 11.5 (95% confidence interval: 5.9–22.3) of being diagnosed with an oesophageal complication. There was an increase in mortality in the gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease cohort only in the year following the diagnosis. Conclusions : Gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease is a disease associated with a range of potentially serious oesophageal complications and extra‐oesophageal diseases.

The prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes have increased in the UK over the past decade. This might be primarily explained by the changes in obesity prevalence. Also, there was a change in drug treatment pattern from sulphonylureas to metformin.

SUMMARYBackground: The aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease remains largely unknown. Aim: We performed a comprehensive assessment of potential risk factors associated with the occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease. Methods: We identified a cohort of patients 20-84 years old between 1995 and 1997 registered in the General Practitioner Research Database in the UK. A total of 444 incident cases of IBD were ascertained and validated with the general practitioner. We performed a nested case-control analysis using all cases and a random sample of 10 000 frequency-matched controls. Results: Incidence rates for ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and indeterminate colitis were 11, 8, and 2