ABSTRACT. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the impact of the time of fomesafen application and its dose on the tolerance of the common bean crop and to investigate the influence of environmental variables on herbicide selectivity. Two field experiments were conducted using the time of fomesafen application and its dose as factors. Crop injury from fomesafen reached 20% when evaluated one week after treatment (WAT). When sprayed at the warmest times of the day when irradiance levels were at their highest (11:00 am and 4:00 pm), fomesafen phytotoxicity was higher compared with other application times. Increased values of these two environmental variables, especially luminosity, was associated with high levels of fomesafen injury to the bean crop. However, assessments made at three WAT demonstrated that the crop had recovered from its initial injuries.Keywords: environmental variables, air temperature, luminosity, selectivity.Toxicidade de fomesafen às plantas de feijão em função dos horários de aplicação e das doses do herbicida RESUMO. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar o impacto do horário de aplicação de fomesafen e suas doses sobre a tolerância da cultura do feijão e investigar a influência de variáveis ambientais sobre a seletividade do herbicida. Dois experimentos a campo foram conduzidos usando os horários de aplicação de fomesafen e suas doses como fatores. Injúria de fomesafen na cultura chegou a 20% quando avaliada uma semana após o tratamento (SAT). Quando aspergido nos horários mais quentes do dia, quando os níveis de irradiância foram mais elevados (11h00 e 16h00), a fitotoxicidade de fomesafen foi maior comparada aos outros horários de aplicação. Aumento nos valores dessas duas variáveis ambientais, especialmente a luminosidade, foi associado com elevados níveis de injúria de fomesafen ao feijoeiro. No entanto, as avaliações realizadas aos três SAT demonstraram que a cultura havia recuperado de suas injúrias iniciais.Palavras-chave: variáveis ambientais, temperatura do ar, luminosidade, seletividade.

RESUMO -O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto da interferência deEuphorbia heterophylla (EPHHL) em diferentes densidades e épocas de semeadura sobre o rendimento do feijoeiro e seus componentes e o nível de dano econômico (NDE). O experimento foi conduzido em campo em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas principais foram alocadas oito densidades de EPHHL (0, 6, 10, 17, 29, 49, 83 e 142 pl m -2 ) e, nas subparcelas, duas épocas de semeadura da infestante (12 dias antes da semeadura do feijoeiro e simultaneamente à cultura). As perdas de rendimento da cultura do feijão foram diretamente proporcionais à densidade de plantas de EPHHL. A implantação simultânea das espécies cultivada e daninha resultou em perda máxima de 48% no rendimento de grãos de feijão, enquanto a semeadura de EPHHL 12 dias antes do feijoeiro resultou em perda de 60% no rendimento de grãos. O número de legumes por planta foi o principal componente do rendimento afetado pela competição. Cada planta de EPHHL reduziu em 2,4 e 5,5% o rendimento de grãos de feijoeiro, para as situações de implantação simultânea e 12 dias antes da semeadura da cultura, respectivamente. Análise de sensibilidade indicou que os valores de NDE dependeram da época de implantação da planta daninha, da expectativa de rendimento da cultura, da eficiência do herbicida, do valor do produto colhido e do custo do controle. Entretanto, em todas as simulações, o NDE foi muito baixo (<3,3 plantas m -2 ), enfatizando a necessidade de herbicidas residuais para evitar perdas econômicas na cultura.Palavras-chave: competição, Phaseolus vulgaris, perda de rendimento, nível crítico de dano, hipérbole retangular. (0, 6, 10, 17, 29, 49, 83 and 142 pl m -2 ) were allocated; and on the subplots, there were two sowings of weeds (12 days ABSTRACT -This study aimed to assess the impact of Euphorbia heterophylla (EPHHL) interference at different densities and sowing dates on common bean grain yield and its components, and to determine crop weed economic threshold (WET). The field experiment consisted of a randomized block design in a split plot arrangement of the treatments, with four replicates. On the main plots, eight densities of EPHHL

Palavras-chave: variáveis ambientais, temperatura do ar, umidade relativa do ar, luminosidade.ABSTRACT -Understanding the factors that limit herbicide performance would allow selecting the appropriate time to spray the compounds, optimizing the dose applied, and reducing the production costs. The objective of this review was to synthesize the information available on the literature on the effect of the environmental conditions (air temperature, relative humidity, and irradiance) on the efficacy of the ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. Air temperature and relative humidity are the most important environmental variables altering the performance of these herbicides on weed control. Under natural conditions, these variables, along with irradiance, interact with one another, making it difficult to decide the best time to select herbicide application. Under controlled conditions, it is possible to identify the individual influence of each factor on herbicide efficacy. Increased relative humidity and air temperature increase the efficacy of ACCase-inhibitors to a certain extent, because of increased uptake and translocation of the herbicides by the plants. Light intensity, when increased, also provides these benefits, but sometimes shading provides better performance of these herbicides. To optimize the efficacy of ACCase-inhibitors on weed control, it is necessary to analyze the influence of each of the variables mentioned above.

-Initialism is a new word proposed to indicate the "shade-avoidance syndrome". Plants detect the presence of neighbor plants very early in the growing season through changes in light quality. They modify the allocation of photosynthesis products privileging shoot growth over the roots. One of the hypotheses of the authors is that, when weed management is timely scheduled, a "blind" crop could be more productive because it would avoid an imbalance on the shoot:root ratio (S:R). Two strategies were developed to test this hypothesis: a) to use the classical Yoda's Law to screen several crops for insensitivity to S:R imbalance; b) to evaluate several growth regulators to control the plant responses to crowding. Experimental results confirm that both strategies can yield insensitive plants. The possibilities of the use of this knowledge are discussed.Keywords: initialism, shade-avoidance syndrome, genetic, growth regulator. RESUMO -Inicialismo é uma palavra nova proposta para indicar a "síndrome de escape ao sombreamento". Plantas detectam a presença de outras plantas vizinhas muito cedo no seu ciclo de crescimento por meio das mudanças na qualidade da luz. Elas modificam a alocação de produtos da fotossíntese, privilegiando o crescimento de ramos sobre as raízes. Uma das hipóteses dos autores

-Grass weeds are common in summer crops and strongly decreases the grain yield of the common bean crop. The time of herbicide application influences the variability of environmental conditions and affects the product performance. The objectives of this work were to identify the time of fluazifop-p-butyl (fluazifop) application which gives best grass weed control in the common bean crop and to elucidate the environmental variables most important for the efficacy of this herbicide. Field experiments were conducted involving five application times (2 a.m., 6 a.m., 11 a.m., 4 p.m. and 9 p.m.) and five doses of fluazifop (80, 110, 140, 170 and 200 g ha -1 ), with additional no-herbicide control. At the time of the herbicide application it was determined the air temperature, relative humidity, the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the leaf angle, whereas the weed control and the dry mass of the weed Urochloa plantaginea was assessed at 20 days after treatment (DAT). Efficacy on grass control with fluazifop was dependent on the herbicide dose and on the time of day that the product was applied. Spray at early morning hours (6 a.m.) showed better efficacy on weed control in relation to periods during warmer conditions of the day (11 a.m. and 4 p.m.). Nocturnal fluazifop application had better weed control when compared to herbicide sprayed in the afternoon. The air temperature, relative humidity and PAR were correlated to weed leaf angle, which correlated the most with fluazifop performance.Keywords: chemical control, environmental conditions, leaf angle, conceptual map. de aplicação (2h, 6h, 11h, 16h e 21h) e cinco doses de fluazifop (80, 110, 140, 170 RESUMO -Gramíneas são infestantes comuns nos cultivos de verão e causam grande prejuízo à cultura do feijão. O horário de aplicação do herbicida influencia nas condições ambientais, alterando o desempenho do produto. Este trabalho teve como objetivos identificar o horário de aplicação de fluazifop-p-butyl (fluazifop) que confere melhor desempenho ao herbicida no controle de gramíneas na cultura do feijão e elucidar as variáveis ambientais mais importantes para a eficácia desse herbicida. Foi conduzido um experimento em campo envolvendo cinco horários