Qualidade de mudas de berinjela submetida a diferentes métodos de produção 1The quality of eggplant seedlings under different production methods Resumo -Produzir mudas de berinjela com boa qualidade é essencial para obter um sistema de cultivo uniforme e produtivo. Estas podem ser formadas em substratos orgânicos e minerais, ou misturas destes. Desta forma o presente trabalho avaliou a vermiculita e manivas de mandioca triturada, puras e em misturas, na formação de mudas de berinjela, em dois tipos de ambientes e dois recipientes. Utilizou-se o viveiro agrícola telado em monofilamento, malha com 50% de sombreamento e a estufa agrícola em arco, coberta com filme polietileno, com fechamentos de tela de monofilamento, malha para 50% de sombreamento. Em cada ambiente foram testadas as bandejas de poliestireno de 72 e 128, preenchidas com "0% vermiculita e 100% ramas", "20% vermiculita e 80% ramas", "40% vermiculita e 60% ramas", "60% vermiculita e 40% ramas", "80% vermiculita e 20% ramas" e "100% de vermiculita e 0% ramas". O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado no esquema fatorial de parcelas sub-subdivididas (2 ambientes x 2 recipientes x 6 substratos), totalizando 24 tratamentos. A tela de monofilamento é o melhor ambiente de cultivo quando se utiliza a bandeja de 72 células, e para a bandeja de 128 células a estufa agrícola propicia melhores condições. O melhor recipiente para formação de mudas de berinjela é a bandeja de 72 células. As composições medianas de vermiculita e ramas de mandioca, entre 40 e 60%, formam o melhor substrato para as mudas de berinjela. O índice de qualidade de Dickson é um bom indicador do padrão de qualidade de mudas de berinjela.Palavras-chave -Berinjela. Vermiculita. Mandioca.Abstract -Producing good-quality eggplant seedlings is essential for a uniform system of cultivation and yield. The seedlings can be grown in organic or mineral substrates, or a mixture of these. This study evaluated the effect of vermiculite and crushed cassava stems, both pure and as a mixture, on eggplant-seedling growth in two types of environment and in two different types of container. A nursery greenhouse and poly-tunnel greenhouses, both with monofilament screening and 50% shading, were used. In each environment polystyrene trays of 72 and 128 cells were tested. These were filled with: 0% vermiculite and 100% cassava stems; 20% vermiculite and 80% cassava stems; 40% vermiculite and 60% cassava stems; 60% vermiculite and 40% cassava stems; 80% vermiculite and 20% cassava stems, and 100% vermiculite and 0% cassava stems. The experimental design was completely randomized into a scheme of subdivided sub-plots (2 environments x 2 containers x 6 substrates) totaling 24 treatments. The monofilament screen is the best environment when using a tray of 72 cells. For trays of 128 cells, the greenhouse provides the best conditions. The best container for eggplant seedlings is the tray of 72 cells. The median mixtures of vermiculite and cassava stems, between 40 and 60%, are the best substrate for...

The seedling quality affects the plant performance in the field and proper techniques can increase the productivity of vegetables. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production of eggplant seedlings, cultivar Embu, under protected environments, containers and substrates, and its development in the field at the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, in Aquidauana, Brazil. For seedlings production, each environment was considered an experiment, which was carried out in a completely randomized design, in split-plot scheme (containers x substrates), with eight replications. Subsequently we realized joint analysis of the experiments to compare the environments. In the field, the design was in randomized blocks using four replications. The seedlings were grown in the protected environments: greenhouse covered with polyethylene film, light diffuser, 150 micron, and nursery monofilament screen with 50% of shading (Sombrite ® ). Inside environments, polystyrene trays with 72 cells and 128 cells were tested. The containers were filled with six substrates, from the combination of cattle manure and cassava stems. In the field were distributed 24 treatments generated from combinations of three factors. In both environments, the best seedlings are formed in trays with 72 cells. For two trays the best seedlings are formed in the greenhouse. In greenhouse, the substrate with 80% cattle manure and 20% of cassava stems promoted better growth of seedlings. In the screened, beyond this substrate, seedlings produced in the substrate with 100% manure showed higher vigor. For all substrates, the best seedlings are formed in tray with 72 cells inside the greenhouse. In the field the combination, "greenhouse + 72 cell tray + 80% manure and 20% cassava stems" was where the plants had better growth and productivity.

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Blast disease, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, has a major impact on wheat farming. The study of plant responses to pathogens has improved the management of this disease. Moreover, it is important to identify potential host plants in the crops’ vicinity and to understand reactions caused by plant-pathogen interactions. The objective of this study was to assess the histopathology of wheat plants, Digitaria insularis and Digitaria sanguinalis inoculated with M. oryzae isolates obtained either rice or wheat plants. Thirty-three days after sowing, greenhouse-grown plants of all three species were inoculated with each M. oryzae isolate. The observed effects (48 hours after inoculation) differed depending on the particular interaction between each pathogen isolate-plant species pair. For instance, wheat and D. sanguinalis had the weakest defensive response against spore germination, production of melanized appressoria, and appressorial penetration, with average values above 87, 90, and 43%, respectively, for these events in these plants. Furthermore, germination and appressoria melanization were more aggressive in the rice isolate than in the wheat isolate. Additionally, evidence for a defensive response (such as cell death) was observed in wheat plants inoculated with rice isolates. However, such a response was absent in plants inoculated using wheat isolates, presumably because pathogen recognition failed.