Although several strategies to three-dimensionally print cardiovascular grafts exist, these technologies either have required extensive culturing of cells on scaffolds prior to implantation to impart mechanical stability, necessitate additional fabricated components after 3D printing, or have not been proven in vivo. Here, we demonstrate a material and methodology utilizing digital stereolithography for the fabrication of non-cellular biodegradable polymeric vascular grafts. Using this approach, we show, for the first time, the functionality of a 3D printed vascular graft in vivo as an inferior vena cava conduit interposition graft. Our 3D printing materials and methodology should provide a platform for future efforts to fabricate wholly 3D printed, custom-tailored cardiovascular grafts. Such a platform will also enable the precise control over both macroscale—like curvature and bifurcations—and microscale features—like porosity and surface roughness—to improve the performance and integration of these patient-specific vascular scaffolds.

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