Photovoltaic (PV) solar energy generating capacity has grown by 41% per year since 2009 1 . Energy system projections that mitigate climate change and facilitate universal energy access show a nearly ten-fold increase in PV solar energy generating capacity by 2040 2,3 . Geospatial data describing the energy system is required to manage generation intermittency, mitigate climate change risks, and identify trade-offs with biodiversity, conservation, and land protection priorities caused by the land use and land cover change necessary for PV deployment. Currently available inventories of solar generating capacity cannot fully address these needs [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] . Here, we provide a global inventory of commercial-, industrial-, and utility-scale PV solar energy generation stations (i.e. PV generating stations in excess of 10kW nameplate capacity) using a longitudinal corpus of remote sensing imagery, machine learning, and a large cloud computation infrastructure. We locate and verify 68,661 facilities, an increase of 432% (in number of facilities) on the previously best-available asset-level data. With the help of a hand-labelled test set, we estimate global installed generating capacity to be 423GW [-75GW, +77GW] at the end of 2018. Enrichment of our dataset with estimates of facility installation date, historic land cover classification, and proximity to

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Engagement between investors and corporate boards has been suggested as a pathway to mitigate stranded asset and climate change risks. Debate is ongoing as to whether divestment or active ownership strategies are more appropriate to deliver longterm value and environmental sustainability. The paper tests the effectiveness of owner engagement strategies by studying the conditions for cooperation between investors and their companies. Characteristics of investors and companies are modelled in game theoretic frameworks, informed by semistructured interviews with professionals from the energy and finance industries, and academia, NGO, and regulatory sectors. Conditions for mutual cooperation between investors and companies are characterized as prisoners' dilemmas. A number of parameters are examined for their impact on the development of sustained cooperative equilibria, including: the benefits and costs of cooperation; the degree of strategic foresight; individual discount factors; and mutual history. Challenges in the formation of investor coalitions are characterized and solutions are proposed. ARTICLE HISTORY

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