The techniques and analyses employed by remote sensing provide key information about atmospheric particle properties at regional and global scales. However, limitations in optical spectral models used to represent the different types of aerosols in the atmosphere and their effects (direct and indirect) are still one of the major causes of sources of uncertainties and substantial impacts in climate prediction. There are no studies yet in South America, especially in the Amazon Basin, that have evaluated the advantages, disadvantages, inconsistencies, applicability, and suitability of the MODIS sensor (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) destined for monitoring the ambient aerosol optical thickness over rivers and continents. In this study, the results of the DT (Dark Target) algorithm for products with 3 km and 10 km resolutions were systematically evaluated for six sites in the Amazon rainforest. The comparisons between the products were carried out with the AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) measurements, which were used as reference. Statistical parameters between AERONET vs. MODIS were also evaluated based on biomass burning records in the site regions. Here, the DT 10 km product showed satisfactory performance for the Amazon region, with observations between the expected error (EE) limits above 66%, in addition to R > 0.8 and RMSE < 0.3. However, the regional analysis for the two sites in the central and southern regions of the Amazon basin did not have the same performance, where the results showed an EE of 24 and 47%, respectively. The DT 3 km product did not perform well in any site, with an EE below 50%. Both products overestimated the AOD, but the 3 km product overestimated it approximately four times more due to its algorithm setup. Thus, we recommend the 10 km product for general analysis in Amazonia. Regional biomass burning records showed a direct relationship with the AERONET vs. MODIS DT with overestimation of both products. All variations between products and sites were justified based on the difficulty of retrieving surface reflectance and the model selected for local aerosols. Improvements in the optical spectral model currently implemented in the algorithms, with more realistic representations of the main types of the aerosol present in the Amazon Basin, may contribute to better performance among the evaluated products.
As estimativas de sensoriamento remoto por meio dos espectrômetros de resolução moderada como o MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) têm mostrado capacidade de fornecer importantes informações globais e regionais das propriedades óticas dos aerossóis atmosféricos. O monitoramento dessas informações, tais como a profundidade ótica do aerossol (AOD), pode auxiliar o entendimento do efeito dessas partículas sobre o clima. Nesse sentido o objetivo desse estudo foi aplicar os produtos da coleção 6 do MODIS na análise da AOD sobre regiões de Floresta e Cerrado na Amazonia Legal. Esse trabalho tem como hipótese principal que diferentes produtos MODIS podem explicar as variações temporais e espaciais da AOD sobre sites da Amazonia. Estimativas dos produtos MODIS de resoluções espaciais de 3km (3k) e 10 km (10k) foram comparadas e analisadas de 2002 a 2017 para os sites de Alta Floresta e Cuiabá. Em comparação com medidas de referência da AERONET, as estimativas totais dos produtos MODIS 3k e 10k subestimaram a AOD em torno de 13% em Alta Floresta e 22% em Cuiabá. A comparação entre os sites mostrou que as estimativas de AOD para ambos produtos são mais elevadas sobre o site de Alta Floresta, em torno de 50% para o produto 3k e 40% para o 10k. Esse estudo quantificou as médias sazonais para ambos produtos nos sites de Alta Floresta e Cuiabá evidenciando as principais diferenças entre os sites. Foi verificado que durantes a estação chuvosa os valores de AOD são similares entre os sites e durante a estação seca o site de Alta Floresta é mais impactado pela alta carga de aerossóis emitidos pelas queimas regionais.Palavras-chave: Aerossol, sensoriamento remoto, satélite Terra, satélite Aqua, MOD04_L2. Application of the Collection 6 MODIS products in the analysis of the Aerosol Optical Depth over Forest and Cerrado regions in the Legal Amazon A B S T R A C TEstimates from remote sensing done by using moderate resolution spectrometers such as the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) have shown the ability to provide important global and regional information on the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols. Monitoring information such as the aerosol optical depth (AOD), can help to understand the effect of these particles on the climate. In this sense, the objective of this study was to apply the collection 6 of the MODIS products in the analysis of the AOD on the Forest and Cerrado regions in the Legal Amazon. This work has the main hypothesis that different MODIS products can explain the temporal and spatial variations of AOD over Amazon sites. Estimates of the MODIS products for the 3km (3k) and 10 km (10k) spatial resolutions were compared and analyzed from 2002 to 2017 for both sites. In comparison to AERONET benchmark measurements, the total estimates for MODIS 3k and 10k products underestimated AOD by around 13% in Alta Floresta and 22% in Cuiabá. The comparison between the sites showed that the AOD estimates for both products are higher over the Alta Floresta site, with around 50% for the 3k product and 40% for the 10k product. The seasonal averages for both products analyzed at the Alta Floresta and Cuiabá sites were quantified, and the main differences between them were highlighted. It was verified that during the rainy season the AOD values are similar between the sites, and during the dry season, the Alta Floresta site is more impacted by the high aerosol load emitted by regional fires.Keywords: Aerosol, remote sensing, Terra satellite, Aqua satellite, MOD04_L2.
O El Niño Oscilação Sul (ENOS) é um fenômeno do acoplamento oceano-atmosfera de escala climática que se manifesta em fases positivas (El Niño) e negativas (La Niña) no Oceano Pacífico, com influência através de teleconexões atmosféricas que alteram os padrões dos elementos meteorológicos globalmente. Na Amazônia, possivelmente mudanças provocadas pelo ENOS em suas diferentes fases alteram a distribuição espaço-temporal dos aerossóis atmosféricos. Nesse sentido o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a relação entre os indicadores de ENOS e os aerossóis atmosféricos em um site da Amazônia, entre o período de 2000 a 2017. Utilizou-se a análise de correlação cruzada (CC), que indica as relações temporais defasadas. Os resultados obtidos revelaram uma significância estatística entre os indicadores do ENOS e as estimativas de profundidade ótica do aerossol (AOD). Notou-se uma considerável semelhança entre as regiões Niño 3, 3.4 e 4 em relação à AOD, principalmente no que diz respeito à periodicidade. Entretanto, destaca-se uma notável discrepância entre os resultados obtidos para os indicadores Niño 1+2 e IOS em relação à AOD, especialmente nas defasagens entre -4 e 4.
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