Tous droits réservés © Cahiers de géographie du Québec, 2012 Cahiers de géographie du Québec Mots-clésCircuits de proximité, mode de transport, bilan énergétique, organisation locale, pratiques spatiales. AbstractConsumers, producers and local communities are showing increasing interest in local food distribution systems (LFS) because they are seen as contributing to the three interrelated dimensions of sustainable development: social, economic and environmental. However, some recent studies strongly question the environmental benefits of LFS in terms of energy efficiency. These same research papers use schematic simulations and analysis to demonstrate that methods of transport have a greater influence than the food miles travelled. They also argue that, due to economies of scale, better energy efficiency is achieved through mass distribution of industrial products. From measurements made in a variety of local food systems that deliver fruit and vegetable boxes, our own analysis shows that the energy efficiency of these local distribution systems is in fact comparable with those used for mass distribution. Furthermore, the food delivery systems we studied are characterized by local level or small-scale delivery networks, neither of which are taken into account in studies based on averages that ignore real everyday spatial practices of producers and consumers. KeywordsLocal food systems, method of transport, energy efficiency balance, organization of local systems, spatial practices. ResumenLos circuitos alimenticios de proximidad, puesto que participan al desarrollo durable en sus tres dimensiones -social, económica y ambiental -son objeto del interés progresivo de consumidores, de productores agrícolas y de colectividades territoriales. Sin embargo, varios trabajos recientes impugnan las supuestas virtudes de los circuitos próximos : su contribución a un menor gasto energético en su distribución. Brevemente, esas investigaciones muestran que el medio de transporte importa más que los kilómetros recorridos y que la distribución alimentaria de masa en circuitos largos a escala económica -presenta mejores balances energéticos que los circuitos próximos. Mostramos en este artículo, sobre la base de medidas efectuadas de los diversos modos de distribución de canastas de frutas y de legumbres que, en términos de eficiencia energética, el rendimiento de los circuitos cortos es comparable al de los más largos. Efectivamente, los circuitos próximos estudiados se traducen en esfuerzos de organización local, o a escala de pequeñas redes territoriales, de lo que no pueden testimoniar los estudios hechos sobre medianas que ignoran las prácticas espaciales concretas de los actores, ya sean estos agricultores o consumidores. Palabras clavesCircuitos próximos, medio de transporte, balance energético, organización local, prácticas espaciales.
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