The human-mediated dispersal process seemed to have involved invasion hubs, hosting highly genetically diverse areas and acting as sources for subsequent introductions. Genetic diversity also tended to be higher in more suitable environments across the Iberian Peninsula. 6. Our results showed that the complex and human-mediated expansion of the red swamp crayfish in the Iberian Peninsula has involved several long-and short-distance movements and that both ecological and anthropogenic factors have shaped the genetic diversity patterns resulting from this invasion process. Early detection of potential invasion hubs may help to halt multiple shortdistance translocations and thus the rapid expansion of highly prolific invasive species over nonnative areas.