Surface hydrophilicity and roughness enhanced biofilm formation in vivo, whereas surface topography was the most influential factor that determined surface cleanability. While the grooved surface retained larger amounts of initial biofilm, the machined surface was easier to clean, but proliferation indicated by increased metabolic activity (growth rate) in IMC occurred despite mechanical biofilm removal.

The presence of bismuth oxide in calcium silicate cements was not shown to be a reliable predictor for tooth discoloration. Antibiotic pastes without tetracycline derivatives do not guarantee the color stability of teeth.

Purpose of ReviewCurrent dental treatments are based on conservative approaches, using inorganic materials and appliances.This report explores and discusses the newest achievements in the field of “regenerative dentistry,” based on the concept of biological repair as an alternative to the current conservative approach.Recent FindingsThe review covers and critically analyzes three main approaches of tooth repair: the re-mineralization of the enamel, the biological repair of dentin, and whole tooth engineering.SummaryThe development of a concept of biological repair based on the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in reparative dentin formation offers a new translational approach into development of future clinical dental treatments.In the field of bio-tooth engineering, the current focus of the researchers remains the establishment of odontogenic cell-sources that would be viable and easily accessible for future bio-tooth engineering.

Using crown venting was the most effective measure to reduce the amount of marginal excess cement, followed using a pre-cementation device. To keep the marginal excess cement of one-piece zirconia implants to a minimum, both techniques should be considered for clinical application.