ResumoContexto: Muitos pacientes com esquizofrenia apresentam prejuízos cognitivos significativos, especialmente em relação à memória, à atenção e ao funcionamento executivo. Esses prejuízos inevitavelmente têm um importante impacto sobre a conseqüência funcional da doença. Objetivo: Este artigo tem como foco os aspectos do funcionamento cognitivo na esquizofrenia, sua relação com as conseqüências funcionais e o efeito das medicações antipsicóticas sobre a cognição. Método: pesquisa de base de dados Medline/PubMed e Lilacs utilizando os termos esquizofrenia, cognição, neuropsicologia, desfecho, funcionamento, tratamento. Resultados: Apesar de um grande número de pesquisas descrever alterações cognitivas na esquizofrenia, ainda não há uma concordância em relação ao padrão desses déficits. Contudo, alterações cognitivas têm apresentado correlação significante com o nível de prejuízo funcional. Os antipsicóticos de segunda geração parecem ter um impacto positivo na cognição, entretanto, o significado dessa melhora cognitiva no desempenho funcional e social dos pacientes ainda não é claro. Os resultados na área de reabilitação neuropsicológica, apesar de discretos, mostram-se promissores. Conclusão: A habilidade dos antipsicóticos de segunda geração de melhorar domínios específicos da cognição varia com o padrão de alterações apresentado por esses pacientes. Assim, estratégias para melhorar a cognição de pacientes com esquizofrenia incluem o uso dos antipsicóticos de segunda geração em associação com as abordagens de reabilitação neuropsicológica. Monteiro, L.C.; Louzã, M.R. / Rev. Psiq. Clín. 34, supl 2; 179-183, 2007Palavras-chave: Déficits cognitivos, esquizofrenia, conseqüência funcional, antipsicóticos, reabilitação neuropsicológica. AbstractBackground: Many patients with schizophrenia have severe impairments in cognitive functions, especially in memory, attention and executive functions. These impairments inevitably have an important impact on the functional outcome of the disorder. Objective: This article focuses on aspects of cognitive function in schizophrenia, their relationship to functional outcome and the effect of antipsychotics on cognition. Method: Research on databases such as Medline/PubMed and Lilacs using the terms schizophrenia, cognition, neuropsychology, outcome, functioning, treatment. Results: Even though a great number of studies report cognitive impairments in schizophrenia, there is no agreement in relation to the pattern of these deficits. Nevertheless, cognitive impairments have a significant correlation with functional handicaps. second generation antipsychotics seem to have a positive impact in cognition, although the meaning of this improvement on social and functional performance of the patients is not clear. Neuropsychological rehabilitation shows discrete, though promising, results. Conclusion: The ability of second generation antipsychotics to improve specific domains of cognition vary as does the pattern of deficits of the patients. Thus, strategies to improve cognition in schiz...
Introduction: Executive Dysfunction (ED) is associated with difficulties in daily life and poor treatment adherence in individuals with neurological and psychiatric disorders. The aim of this paper is to present an update of Executive Function (EF) Rehabilitation Techniques. Methods: We performed a comprehensive literature review using the following keywords: executive function, mental disorders and rehabilitation in the PubMed, specific journals and books. Results: There is evidence of improvement of EF using some rehabilitation techniques, such as goal planning, goal management training, problem solving training, verbalization, drill and practice approach, metacognitive strategy instruction, computer-assisted training and neurofeedback. However, impact of rehabilitation on daily life remains poorly understood. Conclusion: Executive Dysfunction (ED) may be remediated and/or compensated at a certain degree by neuropsychological rehabilitation, but there is still a great challenge in this area based on how to measure effectiveness of EF interventions on daily life. There is a need for the development of new and/or combined techniques (i.e., pharmacological treatment, deep-brain stimulation) for a broader impact on quality of life for patients.
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