Hansen's disease, also known as leprosy, is an infectious disease still prevalent in Brazil. It is a chronic illness with acute immunological phenomena known as leprosy reactions. In the Federal District of Brazil, the University Hospital of Brasília is the reference centre for leprosy care. The study aimed to characterize the clinical and epidemiological profile of Hansen's disease patients at the University Hospital of Brasília, by descriptive, retrospective analysis of 1,124 patients over the period from 1985 to 2005. The pattern of leprosy in this study demonstrated that type 2 leprosy reactions were common, especially in the lepromatous form and presented a direct correlation with the bacilloscopic index. The prevalence and frequency of severe complications, such as leprosy reactions, emphasize the importance of the ongoing study of leprosy and the need for continual improvement in the scope of knowledge concerning its treatment. Key-words:Hansen's disease. Leprosy. Epidemiology. Leprosy reaction. Histopathology. RESUMOHanseníase, também conhecida como lepra, é doença infecciosa prevalente no Brasil. Caracteriza-se por curso crônico, com fenômenos imunológicos agudos denominados episódios reacionais. No Distrito Federal, o Hospital Universitário de Brasília é referência na assistência da hanseníase. O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar o perfil clínico-epidemiológico dos doentes portadores de hanseníase do Hospital Universitário de Brasília. Foi realizada análise descritiva e retrospectiva de 1124 doentes portadores de hanseníase no período de 1985 a 2005. O padrão da hanseníase no nosso estudo concretizou-se por apresentar maior prevalência de reações do tipo 2, especialmente na forma lepromatosa e correlacionando-se diretamente com o índice baciloscópico. A significativa prevalência e freqüência de complicações graves como os episódios reacionais ressaltam a importância do estudo da doença e a necessidade de aprimoramento contínuo dos conhecimentos sobre a mesma. Palavras-chaves:Hanseníase. Lepra. Epidemiologia. Reação hansênica. Histopatologia.
ResumoObjetivos: Descrever e avaliar os acidentes escorpiônicos notificados no estado de Minas Gerais, em crianças e adolescentes, no período de 2001 a 2005, e calcular incidência e mortalidade e identificar fatores relacionados à evolução para óbito.Métodos: Estudo de 14.406 fichas de notificação obrigatória do escorpionismo em Minas Gerais, de pacientes de 0 a 19 anos. Após análise univariada, com fatores relacionados a mortalidade (p < 0,25), foi realizada regressão logística para análise multivariada. Resultados:Houve aumento das notificações dos acidentes escorpiônicos ao longo dos anos. A faixa etária em que mais ocorreu acidente foi de 5 a 9 anos. Dor local esteve presente em 95% dos casos. A maioria dos casos foi classificada como leve (60%), com utilização do soro em 42% dessa população. A letalidade média foi de 0,7%. O município de maior ocorrência do acidente foi a capital Belo Horizonte. O atraso de cada 1 hora até o primeiro atendimento representou aumento de 9% na razão de chance de evolução para óbito, que foi 46 vezes maior no grupo grave do que nos grupos moderado e leve. Para cada ano a menos na idade do paciente houve um aumento de 13% na razão de chance de evolução para óbito. Conclusões:Houve aumento do número de notificações ao longo dos anos estudados. Foram identificados como fatores com maior razão de chance de evoluir para óbito: atraso para o primeiro atendimento, ser classificado como grave e menor idade.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008;84(6):509-515: Escorpionismo, envenenamento, epidemiologia, picada por escorpião, adolescente, criança. AbstractObjectives: To describe and evaluate notified scorpion envenomation incidents in children and adolescents in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais between 2001 and 2005, and to calculate the incidence and mortality and identify factors related to fatal outcomes.Methods: Analysis of 14,406 mandatory notifications of scorpion envenomation involving patients aged 0 to 19 years in Minas Gerais. After performing a univariate analysis of factors related to mortality (p < 0.25), multivariate analysis was carried out using logistic regression. Results:The number of notifications of accidents involving scorpions increased over the period. The age group that suffered most accidents was 5 to 9 years. Local pain was reported in 95% of cases. The majority of cases were classified as mild (60%) and antivenom was given to 42% of this population. The mean mortality rate was 0.7%. The state capital, Belo Horizonte, was the municipality with the greatest occurrence of incidents. Each hour's delay before receiving first medical care was associated with a 9% increase in the odds ratio for the likelihood of death, which was 46 times greater in the severe group than in the moderate and mild groups. A decrease of 1 year in patient age was associated with a 13% increase in the odds ratio for the likelihood of death. Conclusions:There was an increase in the number of notifications over the period studied. The following factors were identified as linked with a higher odds ratio...
The development of coagulopathy is a frequent complication in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Even though it is not closely associated with death in this study, it may be regarded as a marker of injury severity.
RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Apresentar uma revisão crítica do traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE) em crianças e adolescentes, enfocando o trauma grave, as taxas e os aspectos relacionados com a mortalidade e as principais medidas terapêuticas. CONTEÚDO: Revisão sistemática dos artigos incluídos no MEDLINE, SciELO e Lilacs, no período compreendido entre 1985 e 2006, utilizando as seguintes palavraschave: traumatic brain injury, craniocerebral trauma, children e mortality, além dos principais livros-texto sobre o assunto. Foram analisados também os Guidelines of Brain Trauma Foundation de 2000 e 2003, sendo selecionados os principais trabalhos citados. O traumatismo cranioencefálico é uma das principais causas de morte e seqüelas em crianças e adolescentes. As taxas de mortalidade variaram entre 10% e 55%, principalmente em razão dos critérios de seleção utilizados, da gravidade dos pacientes e dos locais onde foram realizados os estudos. Em geral, a mortalidade em crianças foi menor que as descritas em pacientes adultos. Os principais fa-tores relacionados com a mortalidade em crianças foram a pontuação na escala de coma de Glasgow, a hipotensão arterial, o edema e ingurgitamento cerebral difusos e a baixa pressão de perfusão encefálica. O tratamento do TCE grave visa a correção dos fatores relacionados com a lesão cerebral secundária. CONCLUSÕES: Os fatores relacionados com melhor prognóstico em crianças ainda permanecem inconclusivos, havendo algumas divergências entre os estudos. Grande parte destes fatores é corrigível ou evitável, com reanimação hídrica inicial agressiva, tratamento cirúrgico em tempo hábil, monitorização e cuidados intensivos adequados. SUMMARY BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Present a critical review of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children and adolescents, focusing on severe TBI, the mortality and the factors related with poor outcome. CONTENTS: It was made a systematic review in ME-DLINE, SciElo e Lilacs, with the key words: traumatic brain injury, craniocerebral trauma, children and mortality. The most important articles related in the Guidelines of Brain Trauma Foundation (2000 e 2003) were selected too. TBI is one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity in children and adolescents, and morbidity in children and adolescents. The mortality variation was between 10% and 55%, depending of the patients select criteria, trauma severity and units where the studies were made. The children mortality was, in general, lower than that found in adults and the most important factors related with an increased mortality were: Glasgow Coma Score, hypotension, cerebral swelling and lower cerebral perfusion press. Severe TBI endpoint treatment is to correct the secondary brain lesions related factors.
The microbial community structure of the biomass selected in two distinctly inoculated anaerobic oxidation of ammonium (anammox) reactors was investigated and compared with the help of data obtained from 454-pyrosequencing analyses. The anammox reactors were operated for 550 days and seeded with different sludges: sediment from a constructed wetland (reactor I) and biomass from an aerated lagoon part of the oil-refinery wastewater treatment plant (reactor II). The anammox diversity in the inocula was evaluated by 16S rRNA gene-cloning analysis. The diversity of anammox bacteria was greater in the sludge from the oil-refinery (three of the five known genera of anammox were detected) than in the wetland sludge, in which only Candidatus Brocadia was observed. Pyrosequencing analysis demonstrated that the community enriched in both reactors had differing compositions despite the nearly similar operational conditions applied. The dominant phyla detected in both reactors were Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, and Acidobacteria. The phylum Bacteroidetes, which is frequently observed in anammox reactors, was not detected. However, Acidobacteria and GN04 phyla were observed for the first time, suggesting their importance for this process. Our results suggest that, under similar operational conditions, anammox populations (Ca. Brocadia sinica and Ca. Brocadia sp. 40) were selected in both reactors despite the differences between the two initial inocula. Taken together, these results indicated that the type of inoculum and the culture conditions are key determinants of the general microbial composition of the biomass produced in the reactors. Operational conditions alone might play an important role in anammox selection.
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