The fluoride use for anodizing electrolytes has been primarily responsible for the formation of nanoporous oxides at valve metals, except aluminum, since it causes a dissolution process. This study presents the formation of an oxide model according to the following anodizing parameters: 100 V, 12.73 mA/cm², room temperature and the niobium samples anodized in niobium oxalate and oxalic acid electrolytes without and with the addition of HF for 5, 30 and 60 min. The anodized samples were analyzed morphologically by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the hydrophobicity of the samples was assessed by the sessile drop method. The presence of fluor in the niobium oxalate electrolyte formed oxides with lower a dissolution and a low hydrophobicity compared to the one formed in oxalic acid was attributed to the incorporation of niobium and oxalate ions. Thereby, the model proposed in this paper showed that during anodization the migration of the fluoride ion into the oxide occurs at high speed, which results in the formation of microcones, leading to the formation of discrete layers of porous oxide.
In many places, charcoal production, using Australian Blackwood, is still a rudimentary process, generating huge environmental impact, due to the release of pyrolysis smoke into the atmosphere. Both the society and governmental agencies is pushing the factories to condense the smoke, generating byproduct known as pyroligneous liquor. Although it's largely used for agricultural purpose, as a fertilizer and phytosanitizer, its chemical composition presents hydrogen and oxygen rich compounds, making it a potential electrolyte in the surface treatment industry, especially for anodization. Organic alternatives are being used to replace these electrolytes to make the anodizing process cleaner. Then, for the first time, Australian Blackwood pyroligneous liquor was used as an anodizing electrolyte for titanium TICP-G2, to obtain oxides for protection and coloring of the metal. For such, suitable parameters to execute the process were determined (dilution, current density, temperature, agitation, pH, conductivity) and an analysis of the transient potential over time was made. The anodized surfaces were characterized using top view Scan Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GIXRD). Based on the results presented, it can be concluded that the best parameters to anodize the titanium were obtained with 50% pyroligneous liquor diluted in water, obtaining colored surfaces and promoting the formation of oxide crystallites clusters mainly in longer process times (3600s).
RESUMO Metais sanitários são objetos que, segundo as exigências vigentes do mercado consumidor, devem ser, ao mesmo tempo, resistentes à corrosão e bonitos, com aspecto espelhado brilhante. Estes são geralmente produzidos em latão fundido devido às suas características de fácil processamento e eletrodeposição. No entanto, para reduzir custos de produção, o latão tem sido substituído por ligas de zinco na fabricação destes componentes. O Zamac possui propriedades como baixo ponto de fusão em comparação ao latão, o que permite a obtenção de peças de paredes finas e geometrias complexas. A injeção sob pressão para obtenção de peças de ligas hipoeutéticas de zinco (Zamac 5) permite maior produtividade associada a melhores características dimensionais, com custo cerca de 30% menor do que o do latão. Este estudo apresenta a caracterização macro e microestrutural do Zamac 5 injetado sob pressão, relacionando-as com a resistência à corrosão da liga. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios de névoa salina e análises por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, ensaios de microdureza e ensaios eletroquímicos de corrosão. O Zamac 5 injetado sob pressão apresentou corrosão não-uniforme em regiões distintas da peça quando submetido à atmosfera agressiva. Os resultados também mostraram que este fato está associado aos defeitos de porosidade oriundos do processo de fabricação da liga. A microdureza da liga foi associada também aos defeitos oriundos do processo de fabricação. Por fim, evidenciou-se que o comportamento eletroquímico da liga é pouco influenciado pela presença dos defeitos.
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