Bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis complex: diagnosis and evaluation of the risk factors from Bahia, BrazilComplexo tristeza parasitária bovina: diagnóstico e avaliação dos fatores de risco na Bahia, Brasil AbstractDirect diagnoses were made by using -blood smears and nested PCR (nPCR) tests on 309 blood samples from crossbred dairy cattle in the municipality of Ibicaraí, Bahia. From diagnostic blood smear slides, the observed parasitic frequencies were 31.1% for Anaplasma marginale and 20.4% for Babesia sp. From nPCR diagnoses, they were 63% for A. marginale, 34% for Babesia bigemina and 20.4% for Babesia bovis. There were significant differences (P < 0.01) between the two diagnostic methods (nPCR and blood smear slides). The compliance obtained from the kappa test was 0.41 and 0.48 for A. marginale and Babesia sp., respectively. The tick samples from the six farms analyzed using nPCR were only positive for A. marginale. Evaluation of the risk factors relating to the presence of ticks and the age of the animals showed that there was a significant association (P < 0.01) with the frequency of animals infected with both pathogens. Therefore, under the conditions studied, nPCR proved to be a good tool for diagnosing the agents of the bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis complex because of its sensitivity and specificity in comparison with blood smears. The municipality of Ibicaraí is an area with endemic prevalence of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis confirmed by nPCR and A. marginale is the main agent of the disease.Keywords: Bovine Babesiosis and Anaplasmosis Complex, blood smear, nPCR, risk factors. ResumoRealizou-se o diagnóstico direto por esfregaço sanguíneo e nested PCR (nPCR) em 309 amostras de sangue de bovinos mestiços leiteiros provenientes do município de Ibicaraí, Bahia. A frequência observada no diagnóstico por lâminas de esfregaço sanguíneo foi 31,1% para Anaplasma marginale e 20,4% para Babesia sp. Enquanto que no diagnóstico por nPCR foi 63% para A. marginale, 34% para Babesia bigemina e 20,4% Babesia bovis. Verificaram-se diferenças significativas (P<0,01) na comparação entre os dois métodos de diagnósticos (nPCR e esfregaço sanguíneo). A concordância ao teste KAPPA obtida foi de 0,41 e 0,48 para A. marginale e Babesia sp., respectivamente. As amostras de carrapatos das seis propriedades analisadas por nPCR foram positivas apenas para A. marginale. Na avaliação dos fatores de risco verificou-se que a presença de carrapato e idade dos animais apresentaram associação significativa (P<0,01) com a frequência de animais infectados por ambos os patógenos analisados por nPCR. Portanto, nas condições estudadas, a nPCR revelou-se uma boa ferramenta para diagnóstico dos agentes do complexo tristeza parasitária bovina (TPB) devido a sensibilidade e especificidade, quando comparado ao esfregaço sanguíneo. O município de Ibicaraí
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