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Temocillin is a narrow spectrum penicillin with high stability to most beta-lactamases including AmpC types and extended-spectrum types (ESBLs). We have analysed its in vitro activity against 652 clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae prospectively collected from patients hospitalised in intensive care units at seven different university hospitals in Belgium in 2005. Strains were screened for ESBL production using cefotaxime and ceftazidime screen agar plates and by double ESBL E-tests. The MIC of temocillin and of five comparators was determined using the E-test method. ESBLs were characterized at one central laboratory by isoelectric focusing, PCR for bla genes of the SHV, TEM, and CTX-M families, and by DNA sequencing. The prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae averaged 11.8% and ranged between 3.0 and 29% in the different hospitals. Meropenem exhibited the highest in vitro activity overall (mode MIC 0.064 microg; MIC(90); 0.19 microg/ml), whereas ceftazidime (MIC(90) > 256 microg/ml) and ciprofloxacin (MIC(90) > 32 microg/ml) scored the worst. Temocillin was active against more than 90% of the isolates including most AmpC- and ESBL-producing isolates. These data indicate the well preserved activity of temocillin over the years against Enterobacteriaceae and show the wide variation in prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates in Belgian intensive care units. Prospective clinical studies are, however, needed to validate the usefulness of temocillin in the treatment of microbiologically documented infections caused by ESBL- and/or AmpC- overproducing nosocomial Enterobacteriaceae pathogens.

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Introduction: Nigeria is one of the countries where maternal and neonatal tetanus is still prevalent and as such a public health issue. In spite of campaign on maternal tetanus immunization, its safety and protection against tetanus, uptake has remained poor. Aim: This study is aimed to determine the level of Tetanus Toxoid (TT) vaccine uptake among women of child bearing age in Rivers State Nigeria. Methods: Using a cluster sampling method, a descriptive cross-sectional community based study was carried out. The study was carried out in Opiro community in Igbo Agwuru-Asa Clan in Etche Local Government Area of Rivers State. Results: Of the 555 women studied 108(19.5%) of them had received 5 doses of TT while 206 (37.1%) had received at least two doses of TT, giving an overall prevalence of TT utilization among women of childbearing age of 31.7%. Eighty four (31.2%) of women who were ≤ 30 years compared to the 122(42.7%) of the older women had received at least 2 doses of TT vaccine. This was statistically significant (P=0.005, OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.16-2.32), educational level, marital status and occupation also significantly affected Tetanus Toxoid vaccine uptake among the women. Conclusion: This study concludes that utilization of TT immunization among women is low, that younger age, marital status, level of education and occupation of the women can significantly affect the level of TT uptake among women. There is need to strengthen immunization in this community and to create awareness on the need to get optimal Tetanus Toxoid immunization.