Acute cardiovascular exercise can enhance correct remembering but its impact upon false remembering is less clear. In two experiments, we investigated the effect of acute bouts of exercise on correct and false remembering using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) memory test. In Experiment 1, healthy adults completed quiet rest or moderate intensity cycling prior to the memory test. In Experiment 2, a similar sample completed moderate intensity running, high intensity sprints, or a period of quiet rest prior to the memory test. In Experiment 1, acute moderate intensity exercise increased short-term correct, but not false, recall. Experiment 2 replicated these findings but also found an acute bout of high intensity exercise had no impact upon either type of shortterm recall. Acute moderate intensity exercise, but not acute high intensity exercise, can improve short-term correct recall without an accompanying increase in false recall potentially through processing of contextually specific information during encoding.

Background Repeated exposure to remote ischaemic preconditioning (rIPC; short bouts of non-lethal ischaemia) enhances peripheral vascular function within 1 week; whereas, longer periods of rIPC (~ 1 year) may improve cerebral perfusion. Increasing the ‘dose’ of rIPC may lead to superior effects. Given the similarities between exercise and rIPC, we examined whether adding exercise to the rIPC stimulus leads to greater adaptation in systemic vascular function. Methods Nineteen individuals with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) were randomly allocated to either 8 weeks of rIPC (n = 9) or 8 weeks of rIPC + exercise (rIPC + Ex) (n = 10). rIPC was applied three times per week in both conditions, and exercise consisted of 50 min (70% heart rate max) of cycling 3 times per week. Peripheral endothelial function was assessed using flow-mediated dilation (FMD) before and after ischaemia–reperfusion (IR). Cerebrovascular function was assessed by dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), and cardio-respiratory fitness (VO2peak) using a maximal aerobic capacity test. Results FMD% increased by 1.6% (95% CI, 0.4, 2.8) following rIPC + Ex and by 0.3% (− 1.1, 1.5) in the only rIPC but this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.65). Neither intervention evoked a change in dCA or in CVR (P > 0.05). VO2peak increased by 2.8 ml/kg/min (1.7, 3.9) following the rIPC + Ex and by 0.1 ml/kg/min (− 1.0, 1.4) following the rIPC only intervention (P = 0.69). Conclusion Combining exercise with rIPC across an 8-week intervention does not lead to superior effects in cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular function compared to a repeated rIPC intervention in individuals at risk of CVD.

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OBJECTIVES (i) To monitor cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFv) throughout aortic arch repair surgery and during recovery period in paediatric intensive care. (ii) To examine the relationship between near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and transcranial doppler ultrasound (TCD) during cardiac surgery. (iii) Examine CBFv in patients cooled to 20 °C and 25 °C. METHODS During aortic arch repair and after surgery, TCD was monitored in 24 neonates, alongside NIRS, blood pH, pO2, pCO2, HCO3, lactate, Hb, Htc (%) and temperature (core and rectal). General linear models were used to examine differences over time and cooling temperature. Repeated measured correlation (rmcor) were used to determine relationship between NIRS and TCD. RESULTS CBFv changed during arch repair procedure (main effect of time: p = 0.001). During cooling phase, CBFv increased by 10.0 cm/s (5.97 cm/s, 17.7 cm/s) compared to normothermic (p = 0.019). Once recovering in PICU, CBFv had increased from the preoperative measurement by 6.2 cm/s (0.21, 13.4; p = 0.045). CBFv changes were similar between patients cooled to 20 °C and 25 °C (main effect of temperature: p = 0.22). Repeated measures correlation identified a statistically significant but weak positive correlation between CBFv and NIRS (r = 0.25, p = <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that CBFv changed throughout aortic arch repair and was higher during cooling period. A weak relationship was found between NIRS and TCD. Overall, these findings could provide clinicians with information on how to optimise long-term cerebrovascular health.