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Background: Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) are positively associated with blood pressure (BP) in youth. Yet, how puberty, independent of age, affects these relationships remains unclear. Given puberty may be a crucial period for cardiometabolic health, we examined how pubertal development moderates the associations of FM/FFM with BP. Methods: Pubertal development, resting BP, and body composition were assessed in a convenience sample of youth (5.5-17y). General linear models were conducted to assess if pubertal development moderated the relationships between FM/FFM and systolic/diastolic BP standardized for age, sex, and height (SBP z /DBP z ). Results: Among participants ( N =1,405; age: M =13.3±2.9y; 65.4% female; 53.2% racial/ethnic minority), FM/FFM were positively associated with SBPz and DBPz ( ps ≤.02). Pubertal development moderated the associations between FFM and BPz ( ps ≤.01), but not FM ( ps >.43). For early/mid and late pubertal participants, there were positive associations between FFM and BP (DBP z : βs=.10-.18, ps ≤.01; SBP z : βs=.33-.43, ps <.001); however, these relationships were attenuated, especially for prepubertal DBP z (DBP z : β=.01, p =.91; SBP z : β=.24, p =.001). Conclusions: Puberty moderated the relationships between FFM and SBP z /DBP z in analyses that separately modeled the contributions of age and sex. These data suggest that the FFM-DBP z association may potentially be impacted by increasing sex hormone concentrations during puberty.