There is growing awareness that diets in affluent countries, rich in meat protein, dairy and preprepared foods, have a negative impact on biophysical environments as well as on public health. [1][2][3][4] Consensus is also emerging that healthier diets are more environmentally sustainable. [4][5][6] By challenging the ongoing supply of affluent country diets, climate change provides a population and environmental health opportunity. However, it also poses a significant risk to food-insecure populations. Already, data show that Functional foods and urban agriculture: two responses to climate change-related food insecurity Abstract: Affluent diets have negative effects on the health of the population and the environment. Moreover, the ability of industrialised agricultural ecosystems to continue to supply these diets is threatened by the anticipated consequences of climate change. By challenging the ongoing supply of the diets of affluent countries, climate change provides a population and environmental health opportunity. This paper contrasts two strategies for dealing with climate change-related food insecurity. Functional foods are being positioned as one response because they are considered a hyper-efficient mechanism for supplying essential micronutrients. An alternative response is civic and urban agriculture. Rather than emphasising increased economic or nutritional efficiencies, civic agriculture presents a holistic approach to food security that is more directly connected to the economic, environmental and social factors that affect diet and health.