To evaluate and synthesize the available literature on sex differences in the treatment of adult ICU patients. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE and EMBASE.STUDY SELECTION: Two reviewers independently screened publications to identify observational studies of adult ICU patients that explicitly examined the association between sex and ICU treatment-specifically, mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy, and length of stay. DATA EXTRACTION:We extracted data independently and in duplicate: mean age, illness severity, use of mechanical ventilation and renal replacement therapy, and length of stay in ICU and hospital. We assessed risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We used a DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and mean differences between women and men. DATA SYNTHESIS:We screened 4,098 publications, identifying 21 eligible studies with 545,538 participants (42.7% women). The study populations ranged from 246 to 261,255 participants (median 4,420). Most studies (76.2%) were at high risk of bias in at least one domain, most commonly representativeness or comparability. Women were less likely than men to receive invasive mechanical ventilation (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.77-0.89; I 2 = 90.4%) or renal replacement therapy (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.70-0.90; I 2 = 76.2%). ICU length of stay was shorter in women than men (mean difference, -0.24 d; 95% CI, -0.37 to -0.12; I 2 = 89.9%). These findings persisted in meta-analysis of data adjusted for illness severity and other confounders and also in sensitivity analysis excluding studies at high risk of bias. There was no significant sex difference in duration of mechanical ventilation or hospital length of stay. CONCLUSIONS:Women were less likely than men to receive mechanical ventilation or renal replacement therapy and had shorter ICU length of stay than men. There is substantial heterogeneity and risk of bias in the literature; however, these findings persisted in sensitivity analyses.

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Cystic fibrosis (CF) carrier testing can be used to inform reproductive decision making, allowing carriers to avoid having a child with CF. A government‐funded, population‐based CF carrier screening program would allow greater equity of access to this test. The setting in which CF carrier screening is offered significantly affects the extent to which participants make well informed, voluntary decisions to accept or decline testing. Screening offered before pregnancy and in non‐clinical environments better promotes participant autonomy than screening offered in the prenatal consultation.