The scientific community is exploiting the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in nanomedicine and other AgNPs combination like with biomaterials to reduce microbial contamination. In the field of nanomedicine and biomaterials, AgNPs are used as an antimicrobial agent. One of the most effective approaches for the production of AgNPs is green synthesis. Lysiloma acapulcensis (L. acapulcensis) is a perennial tree used in traditional medicine in Mexico. This tree contains abundant antimicrobial compounds. In the context of antimicrobial activity, the use of L. acapulcensis extracts can reduce silver to AgNPs and enhance its antimicrobial activity. In this work, we demonstrate such antimicrobial activity effect employing green synthesized AgNPs with L. acapulcensis. The FTIR and LC-MS results showed the presence of chemical groups that could act as either (i) reducing agents stabilizing the AgNPs or (ii) antimicrobial capping agents enhancing antimicrobial properties of AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs with L. acapulcensis were crystalline with a spherical and quasi-spherical shape with diameters from 1.2 to 62 nm with an average size diameter of 5 nm. The disk diffusion method shows the magnitude of the susceptibility over four pathogenic microorganisms of clinical interest. The antimicrobial potency obtained was as follows: E. coli ≥ S. aureus ≥ P. aeruginosa > C. albicans. The results showed that green synthesized (biogenic) AgNPs possess higher antimicrobial potency than chemically produced AgNPs. The obtained results confirm a more significant antimicrobial effect of the biogenic AgNPs maintaining low-cytotoxicity than the AgNPs produced chemically. The field of material sciences encourages to obtain materials of various types of nanoscale shapes and architectures 1 .NPs with a size range of 1-100 nm, and different shapes provide unique chemical 2 , physical 3 and optical properties 4,5. NPs can be synthesized with physical, chemical and biological methods 6. These methods might have unique advantages and disadvantages depending on the end application 7-11. For example, physical methods might have some disadvantages when applied in microbiology. The methods can be time-consuming and constrain to specific requirements like high temperature or pressure, which might result unattractive owing to equipment and associated cost 12,13. A key advantage of chemical methods is the accessibility to get the NPs in

This study was conducted with the objective of determining whether there is a depuration of organochlorine pesticides in breast milk according to breastfeeding time. In total, 171 samples from mothers that lived in the State of Guerrero, Mexico were analyzed. There was a weak negative relationship between pp'DDE (r = -0.216) and Σ-DDT (r = -0.222) concentrations with the days of lactation. In a comparison analysis, a statistically significant decrease of pp'DDT and pp'DDE levels was observed, as well as the Σ-DDT from the first to the fifth week of lactation. A reduction of 0.188 mg/kg lipid of pp'DDE and 0.181 mg/kg lipid of Σ-DDT per week was obtained. HCB, β-HCH and op'DDT concentrations were low and had no major fluctuations between subgroups. The low levels found and the observed reduction in time involve less exposure to the infant to these pollutants. Through this methodology changes in levels of certain organochlorine pesticides in various stages of human milk production may be shown.

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Introduction:The population living in conditions of poorness has a heavier pathological burden than social strata with better economic possibilities. Objective: To determine the influence of socioeconomic and demographic factors on COVID-19 morbidity, mortality and lethality in municipalities and states of Mexico. Methods: Morbidity, mortality and lethality associated with COVID-19 were analyzed according to the human development index and its indicators, and type of population. Descriptive statistical analyses, correlations between developmental variables and morbidity, mortality and lethality, association tests and hierarchical groupings were carried out. Results: Positive correlations were observed between morbidity and mortality and the human development index; COVID-19 fatality increased as the values of said index decreased. There was a significantly higher risk of elevated mortality in localities with moderate and low development, and in those with less than 49,999 inhabitants. The main factors associated with fatality were lack of access to health services, income vulnerability and social deprivation. Conclusions:The evidence generated should lead to decisions aimed at improving the quality of life of the population with social deprivations and vulnerabilities, which needs to be protected against the consequences of current COVID-19 pandemic.

El empleo del clembuterol en la producción de ganado implica riesgos a la salud humana que deben ser evaluados y atendidos por las autoridades agropecuarias y sanitarias. En este trabajo se evaluaron los resultados del programa de vigilancia sanitaria de dicho compuesto en productos cárnicos de bovinos que se comercializan en Guerrero, México. Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo del periodo comprendido entre 2011 y 2015, sobre la evolución de su uso ilegal y el registro de intoxicaciones alimentarias por clembuterol. Los porcentajes de muestras positivas disminuyeron gradualmente hasta quedar en 2015 en 6.8 % y, en general, fueron más bajos en comparación con los antecedentes inmediatos; sin embargo, siempre fueron superiores a los porcentajes promedio del resto del país (Guerrero= 9.5 %, Nacional= 5.8 %). Las jurisdicciones sanitarias con mayor presencia del fármaco fueron Tierra Caliente y Norte, con 12.1 y 16.8 %, respectivamente, así como en lugares con una población grande como Acapulco (9.6 %). Se reportaron pocos casos de intoxicaciones humanas en los tres primeros años (2011= 3, 2012= 5 y 2013= 4) y ninguno en los dos posteriores; sin embargo hay un sub-registro que puede deberse a diversos factores tanto individuales, regionales e institucionales que se discuten más adelante. El avance observado en este programa ha sido significativo; sin embargo, debe fortalecerse la vigilancia sanitaria con la finalidad de erradicar esta actividad ilegal en el corto plazo.