The dumping of tanneries is a severe pollution problem because it generated wastewater full of chemical and toxic substances which deteriorate the water sources and the health of organisms that are living there. The aim of this project was to determine the removal capacity of the total chromium (Cr) and chlorides (Cl-) present in the wastewater of the tanneries by the bioremediation with the Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp. microalgaes, orange peels and citrus pectin. The methods applied were: i) the inoculation of a single or mixture microalgaes in the 434 Victor Alfonso Ramirez Losada et al. water of tanneries for a period of 24 or 48 hours (h), or a photoperiod 12h:12h (light:darkness); ii) orange peels with particle sizes: 0.5mm, 1.0mm and 2.0mm, were exposed to residual water during 2h, 4h or 6h with a rate of 0.5g/100mL; and iii) citrus pectin with equal parameters of those used in the orange peels. The initial concentration of residual water was Cr=352.2 mg/L and Cl-=25100 mg/L. The Scenedesmus sp. algae removed 98.63% (4.82 mg/L) of Cr and 54.18% (11500mg / L) of Cl-after 48h while the orange peel with particle size of 0.5mm and with only 2h of exposition decreased the initial concentration of Cr and Cl-in a 94% (21.1mg/L) and 59.76% (10100mg/L) respectively. Finally, the pectin at a contact time of 6h showed the highest absorption of Cr (98.23%-6.2 mg/L). Therefore, the three different tested products presented a very high efficiency in the reduction of ion concentration of Cr and Cl-and lead new and novel alternatives for the treatment of wastewater of the tannery industries.

Lutzomyia longiflocosa is considered the most likely vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the sub-Andean region of the upper valley of the Magdalena River between 1,000 and 2,000 meters in the Department of Huila, Colombia. L. longiflocosa is anthropophilic, has endophagic behavior, and is especially important since its dominance in epidemics recorded in the last decade in the departments of Huila, Tolima, and the outbreak in Norte de Santander. The aim of our work is to identify ecological determinants in forest microhabitat level defining the abundance of L. longiflocosa. We use sampling; this was performed in 56 microhabitats of 28 forests with CDC traps for two consecutive nights from 18:00 to 06:00 hours. Each microhabitat (favorable and unfavorable) was located 10 m from the ecotone, with an approximate area of 10 m 2 . Thirty-five variables were examined as potential explanatory variables which were recorded in each microhabitat. Regression models were used to identify ecological determinants. Our results confirm that there are favorable microhabitats in the forest with specific ecological determinants that define the aggregated distribution of the species and provide the conditions necessary for survival and abundance of L. longiflocosa.

Resumen Según la OMS el dengue es considerado como la más importante de las enfermedades virales transmitidas por mosquitos en el mundo. En los últimos 50 años, la incidencia

Phytoplankton studies in the Betania Dam (Huila, Colombia) are scarce, there are only three published articles about it, and only one focused on the structure of the community, published 30 years ago, reporting 10 classes, 55 genera and 88 phytoplankton species as well as a deterioration in the water quality due to the contribution of fertilizers and biocides to the Dam. Likewise, the geomorphological characteristics of the Dam contributed to eutrophication, which needs to be focused on since Betania Dam is a very important source of economic income for the region, due to the generation of hydroelectric energy, traditional fishing, fish farming, tourism, and sports. Our objective was to analyze the composition of the current phytoplankton community in Betania Dam, highlighting the differences regards the initial filling conditions. We collected water samples bimonthly in 10 sampling stations distributed throughout the Dam over

Las cuencas hidrográficas se constituyen en unidades fundamentales de análisis para el desarrollo de procesos de planificación y gestión. La comprensión de su dinámica, estructura y funcionamiento constituyen el soporte para la planificación del territorio y la toma de decisiones. Sin embargo, la funcionalidad y aprovechamiento sostenible son dependientes de la información y el conocimiento de estos ecosistemas, así como de sus regímenes y capacidades de respuesta frente a las intervenciones antrópicas, variabilidad y cambio climático. Este libro brinda instrumentos y metodologías para la planificación y evaluación del recurso hídrico, así como en la formulación e implementación de mecanismos de adaptación al cambio climático y la gestión integrada de cuencas hidrográficas. La publicación denominada: “Gestión integrada de la cuenca alta del río Magdalena: instrumentos para su evaluación y planificación” es producto de investigaciones realizadas por estudiantes, docentes y egresados de la Escuela de Ciencias Agrícolas, Pecuarias y del Medio Ambiente (ECAPMA) de la UNAD y el grupo de investigación Inyumacizo, categorizado en A por MinCiencias.