Magalhães LAG et al. O controle de qualidade de processadoras automáticas é um dos aspectos mais importantes na implementação de programas de garantia de qualidade em radiodiagnóstico. Um programa piloto de garantia de qualidade para processadoras automáticas utilizando o método sensitométrico foi implementado no serviço de mamografia de um hospital universitário no Rio de Janeiro. Inicialmente foi feita uma avaliação das condições de funcionamento de todas as câmaras escuras do hospital. Foi constatado que apresentavam altos níveis de temperatura e umidade relativa ambiental e várias entradas de luz; nível de fog elevado, que tornava necessário um aumento de até 24% na mAs para compensar a perda de contraste; tempo de processamento seco-a-seco com erros de até 56%; temperatura do revelador de 39°C (4°C a mais do que o recomendado pelo fabricante); taxa de reposição dos produtos químicos com erros de até 417% acima do recomendado pelo fabricante; e índices de rejeição de filmes da ordem de 21%. Medidas sensitométricas feitas antes da implementação do projeto acusaram valores de base+fog de 0,24 densidade óptica, assim como velocidade e contraste fora dos limites recomendados. Os filmes apresentavam vários artefatos produzindo imagens de baixa qualidade. O projeto piloto consistiu na implementação do programa de garantia de qualidade no setor de mamografia do hospital. Muitas outras iniciativas contribuíram para o sucesso do projeto, tais como: treinamento dos técnicos de mamografia, melhor manutenção do mamógrafo e, especialmente, o aumento do número médio de pacientes por dia, de 7 para 12, o que contribuiu para a estabilidade da processadora. Esta iniciativa permitiu que a taxa de reposição dos produtos químicos fosse reduzida a ní-veis aceitáveis. A implementação do controle de qualidade manteve os parâmetros sensitométricos sob controle. O maior ganho com a implantação do programa foi a melhoria da qualidade da imagem, sem artefatos, com redução significativa dos custos do serviço e, especialmente, a redução das doses nos pacientes, em virtude da diminuição dos índices de rejeição dos filmes para 7,7%. Unitermos: Controle de qualidade; Processadoras automáticas; Método sensitométrico.The importance of quality control of automatic processors. Quality control of automatic processors is an important issue in the implementation of quality assurance programs in diagnostic radiology. A pilot program of quality control for automatic processors using the sensitometric method was implemented in the Radiodiagnosis Service of a University Hospital in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. An initial survey of the darkrooms showed that they had high temperature and humidity and several light leaks; fog levels were excessively high requiring an increase in mAs of up to 24% to compensate for contrast loss; dry to dry processing time was out of control with errors of up to 56%; developer temperature was as high as 39°C (4°C higher than the recommended by the manufacturers); replenishment rates presented values as high as 417% above m...

Semiconductor laser devices are readily available and practical radiation sources providing wavelength tenability and high monochromaticity. Low-intensity red and near-infrared lasers are considered safe for use in clinical applications. However, adverse effects can occur via free radical generation, and the biological effects of these lasers from unusually high fluences or high doses have not yet been evaluated. Here, we evaluated the survival, filamentation induction and morphology of Escherichia coli cells deficient in repair of oxidative DNA lesions when exposed to low-intensity red and infrared lasers at unusually high fluences. Cultures of wild-type (AB1157), endonuclease III-deficient (JW1625-1), and endonuclease IV-deficient (JW2146-1) E. coli, in exponential and stationary growth phases, were exposed to red and infrared lasers (0, 250, 500, and 1000 J/cm2) to evaluate their survival rates, filamentation phenotype induction and cell morphologies. The results showed that low-intensity red and infrared lasers at high fluences are lethal, induce a filamentation phenotype, and alter the morphology of the E. coli cells. Low-intensity red and infrared lasers have potential to induce adverse effects on cells, whether used at unusually high fluences, or at high doses. Hence, there is a need to reinforce the importance of accurate dosimetry in therapeutic protocols.

Practical properties and physical characteristics of low intensity lasers have made possible their application to treat soft tissue diseases. Excitation of intracellular chromophores by red and infrared radiation at low energy fluences with increase of mitochondrial metabolism is the basis of the biostimulation effect but free radicals can be produced. DNA lesions induced by free radicals are repaired by the base excision repair pathway. In this work, we evaluate the expression of POLγ and APEX2 genes related to repair of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, respectively. Skin and muscle tissue of Wistar rats were exposed to low intensity infrared laser at different fluences. One hour and 24 hours after laser exposure, tissue samples were withdrawn for total RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and evaluation of POLγ and APEX2 mRNA expression by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Skin and muscle tissue of Wistar rats exposed to laser radiation show different expression of POLγ and APEX2 mRNA depending of the fluence and time after exposure. Our study suggests that a low intensity infrared laser affects expression of genes involved in repair of oxidative lesions in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA.

The biostimulative effect of low-intensity lasers is the basis for treatment of diseases in soft tissues. However, data about the influence of biostimulative lasers on gene expression are still scarce. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of low-intensity infrared lasers on the expression of actin mRNA in skin and muscle tissue. Skin and muscle tissue of Wistar rats was exposed to low-intensity infrared laser radiation at different fluences and frequencies. One and 24 hours after laser exposure, tissue samples were withdrawn for total RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and evaluation of actin gene expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The data obtained show that laser radiation alters the expression of actin mRNA differently in skin and muscle tissue of Wistar rats depending of the fluence, frequency and time after exposure. The results could be useful for laser dosimetry, as well as to justify the therapeutic protocols for treatment of diseases of skin and muscle tissues based on low-intensity infrared laser radiation.

Laser devices emit monochromatic, coherent, and highly collimated intense beams of light that are useful for a number of biomedical applications. However, for low-intensity lasers, possible adverse effects of laser light on DNA are still controversial. In this work, the expression of XPA and XPC genes in skin and muscle tissue exposed to low-intensity red and infrared lasers was evaluated. Skin and muscle tissue of Wistar rats were exposed to low-intensity red and infrared lasers at different fluences in continuous mode emission. Skin and muscle tissue samples were withdrawn for total RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and evaluation of actin gene expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Data obtained show that laser radiation alters the expression of XPA and XPC mRNA differently in skin and muscle tissue of Wistar rats, depending on physical (fluence and wavelength) and biological (tissue) parameters. Laser light could modify expression of genes related to the nucleotide excision repair pathway at fluences and wavelengths used in clinical protocols.