Summary 1.Wind power plants represent a risk of bird mortality, but the effects are still poorly quantified. We measured bird mortality, analysed the factors that led birds to fly close to turbines, and proposed mitigation measures at two wind farms installed in the Straits of Gibraltar, one of the most important migration bottlenecks between Europe and Africa. 2. Bird corpses were surveyed along turbine lines and an associated power line to estimate mortality rates. The behaviour of birds observed within 250 m of turbines was also recorded as a putative indicator of risk. The effects of location, weather and flight behaviour on risk situations (passes within 5 m of turbines) were analysed using generalized linear modelling (GLM). 3. Mortality caused by turbines was higher than that caused by the power line. Losses involved mainly resident species, mostly griffon vultures Gyps fulvus (0·15 individuals turbine − 1 year − 1 ) and common kestrels Falco tinnunculus (0·19 individuals turbine. Mortalities were not associated with either structural attributes of wind farms or visibility. 4. Vulture collisions occurred in autumn-winter and were aggregated at two turbine lines where risks of collisions were greatest. The absence of thermals in winter forced vultures to use slopes for lift, the most likely mechanism influencing both their exposure to turbines and mortality. 5. Kestrel deaths occurred during the annual peak of abundance in summer. Carcasses were concentrated in the open habitats around a single wind farm and risk may have resulted from hunting habitat preferences. 6. Synthesis and applications . We conclude that bird vulnerability and mortality at wind power facilities reflect a combination of site-specific (wind-relief interaction), speciesspecific and seasonal factors. Despite the large number of migrating birds in the study area, most follow routes that are displaced from the facilities. Consequently, only a small fraction of birds on migratory flights was actually exposed to turbines. New wind installations must be preceded by detailed behavioural observation of soaring birds as well as careful mapping of migration routes.

The phenomenon of forced repatriation for non-citizens has grown exponentially since the passing of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 and the Patriot Act of 2001. This development is the `natural' result of the three wars on the globalized `other': the war on drugs, the war on terrorism, and the war on the immigrant (see Brotherton and Kretsedemas, 2008). Based on five years of ethnographic study (2002—7) with Dominican deportees in both the Dominican Republic and the United States we set out to answer two questions: how do Dominican deportees fare when they return to their `homeland' after living most of their lives in the United States? And how are deportees reacted to by different levels of Dominican society after being labeled by the public media as criminals and as anti-social elements? In our analysis of the data we found that the crisis of subjectivity of the deportee hinged around two prominent themes: the twin notions of place and displacement and the experience of stigmatization. We concluded that almost regardless of how long the deportee had lived in the United States the stain of a criminal past on his or her identity was permanent. Furthermore, the majority felt that despite their `freedom' they were still `doing time' in a world to which flock thousands helped by these same deportees to get the most out of their (tourist) time (Kempadoo, 1999).

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A stimulatory effect on bone marrow cellularity was observed in normal and nephrectomized rats continuously infused with T3 and T4. Results of bone marrow studies are expressed in absolute numbers of total nucleated erythroid cells per milligram of femoral marrow at the beginning and after 8 hr of continuous intravenous infusions. Administration of T3 and T4 to nephrectomized rats produced a marked and significant increase in total erythroid cells counted. After differential analyses of the nucleated erythroid elements, a significant increase in all erythroid cell types was also observed. Similar results were seen in a control group of rats in which both ureters have been previously ligated and in groups of nephrectomized rats receiving rabbit antiserum against erythropoietin before starting the intravenous infusions of T3 and T4. These results indicate that stimulation of marrow erythropoiesis produced by thyroid hormones in our system is not dependent on renal or extra-renal production of erythropoietin. The progressive introduction of T3 and T4 into the circulation of rats with bilateral nephrectomy or ureter-ligated normal rats, may overload the mechanism of transport of these hormones in plasma. As a consequence, a progressive increase in free active forms of T3 and T4 in plasma may occur. Our interpretation of the present findings is that thyroid hormones stimulate directly bone marrow erythropoiesis. This stimulation is clearly evident when high levels of free active forms of thyroid hormones are present in plasma.

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