Se presenta un avance del modelo de exposición del cantón de San José para utilizarse en evaluaciones de riesgo sísmico, el cual consiste en una caracterización estructural y determinación de la distribución espacial de las edificaciones ubicadas dentro del cantón. Para su generación se contó información de una muestra de 1 856 edificaciones seleccionadas por muestreo estratificado aleatorio con asignación proporcional, siguiendo el método denominado Mapeo Ambiental Rápido, desarrollado por GFZ. Entre los principales resultados se tiene que el 50% de edificaciones de la muestra son del tipo mampostería confinada reforzada con diafragma rígido y un 40% con diafragma flexible, además el tipo de sistema resistente a cargas laterales más utilizado es el tipo muro (92%).
The present work shows the implementation of a data collection strategy for characterizing large amounts of buildings efficiently by the conduction of remote surveys on 360° panoramic images and aerial photographs. A set of 7,296 buildings from the Latin American city of San José, Costa Rica were studied and characterized from a structural engineering point of view, obtaining information like occupancy type, height, type of lateral load resisting system, and structural irregularities, among others. Also, an estimation of the error of the remote surveys was performed, by contrasting its results with the ones of field (in situ) surveys applied on a subset of 556 structures denominated “control buildings.” The results show that for San José buildings, the predominant occupancy type, height, type, and material of the lateral load resisting system are, respectively, residential, one or two storey, wall type of confined-reinforced masonry. The overall precision level estimated for the remote surveys was 75 %, which the authors consider acceptable and an improvement when compared to more popular surveys, for example, the field surveys carried out during a population and housing census that typically have an estimated precision level of 50 %. The results proved the adopted strategy to be a promising one, albeit subject to improvements to increase its precision and reduce the implementation time.
RESUMENSe presentan los resultados de cinco mediciones de vibraciones ambientales realizadas en tres distintos edificios de San José, Costa Rica. El objetivo principal fue el medir la mayor cantidad de periodos naturales en cada dirección de los edificios utilizando la técnica "peak-picking" con espectros de Fourier (EF) y funciones de transferencia (FT). También se calcularon los amortiguamientos modales para uno de los edificios por medio de la técnica de decaimiento aleatorio. Para los edificios estudiados, se concluye que las diferencias entre los periodos naturales calculados a partir de EF y FT son despreciables, así mismo para cada edificio, basta contar con dos puntos de medición, uno en el nivel inferior y otro en el superior para lograr identificar al menos cuatro periodos naturales. Para el caso del edificio de 28 pisos, se concluye que su nivel de operación no afectó la identificación de los periodos naturales. En el caso del edificio de 11 pisos, el avance constructivo provocó un cambio significativo en el periodo fundamental y amortiguamiento, únicamente para la dirección Norte-Sur. Para el edificio de 6 pisos se calibró un modelo matemático tomando en cuenta cargas gravitacionales reales, secciones no agrietadas de elementos estructurales, una rigidez infinita y restricción a la rotación en las conexiones viga-columna de todos los marcos.Palabras clave: vibraciones ambientales; edificios; periodo natural; frecuencia; dinámica AMBIENT VIBRATION TESTS ON THREE REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS OF 28, 11 AND 6 FLOORS ABSTRACTThe results from five ambient vibration tests performed on three different buildings in San José, Costa Rica, are presented. The main goal was to estimate as much natural periods as possible in both directions of the buildings using the peak picking technique with Fourier spectrums (EF) and transfer functions (FT). The damping was also estimated for one of the buildings using the random decrement technique. For the studied buildings, it is concluded that the differences of the natural periods estimated from EF and FT are negligible, also for each building, with just two measuring points, one in the bottom and the other on the top level, it is possible to identify at least four natural periods. For the 28 story building, it is concluded that its operational level didn't affect the natural period's identification. In the 11 story building, the construction progress caused a significant change in the fundamental period and its damping for the North-South direction. Finally, for the 6 story building a calibration of the mathematical model was perform taking into account the real gravitational loads, uncracked element sections, an infinite rigidity and a restriction to rotate on all frame beam-column connections.
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