La disfagia sarcopénica es la dificultad deglutoria asociada con la pérdida de masa, fuerza y función muscular generalizada. Su prevalencia aumenta en pacientes ancianos, así como en aquellos con malnutrición o con desuso de la musculatura deglutoria. Está relacionada con desenlaces adversos, como lo son la neumonía aspirativa, la acumulación de residuos en la cavidad orofaríngea luego de la deglución, la peor calidad de vida y los tiempos de estancia hospitalaria prolongados. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura disponible sobre el tema con el fin de proveer una guía para la detección temprana y el manejo de esta entidad clínica, necesarios para una adecuada práctica clínica.

Background In the current context of the SARS COVID-19 pandemic, where the main cause of death is respiratory failure, and since early recognition would allow timely measures to be implemented and probably improve outcomes, it is important to have tools that allow the emergency room to predict quickly and without the use of large resources which will need invasive mechanical ventilation. This study proposes using a new predictive index of noninvasive characteristics, based on the relationship between oxygenation and work of breathing measured by ultrasound-assessed diaphragmatic function, for the need for invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with SARS-COV2 infection who are admitted to the emergency department. Methods A prospective predictive cohort study was performed, collecting all patients admitted to the emergency room with respiratory failure (not severe or in imminent respiratory arrest) and a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Diaphragmatic excursion measurements were taken within the first 24 h after admission to the department. The relationship between diaphragmatic excursion and SAFI was calculated, establishing the ultrasound diaphragmatic excursion So2/FiO2 index (U.D.E.S.I). The index’s performance was determined by analysis of sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC). Results This pilot study analyzed the first 100 patients enrolled and found in-hospital mortality of 19%, all patients who died required mechanical ventilation, the right index showed a specificity of 82.4% with a sensitivity of 76.9%, likewise for the left index an overall specificity of 90.5% with a sensitivity of 65.3% was found. The ideal cut-off point for the right index is 1.485, and for the left index, the threshold point was 1.856. AUC of the right index is 0.798 (0.676–0.920) and of the left index 0.793 (0.674–0.911), when comparing them no significant differences were found between these values p = 0.871. Conclusion The relationship of So2/FiO2 and diaphragm excursion measured by both right and left ultrasound could predict the need for mechanical ventilation of the patient with COVID-19 pneumonia in the emergency room and could constitute a valuable tool since it uses noninvasive parameters and is easily applicable at the patient’s bedside. However, a more extensive study is needed to validate these preliminary results.