Introduction The intestinal microbiota comprises bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists, helminths and viruses that symbiotically inhabit the digestive system. To date, research has provided limited data on the possible association between an active lifestyle and a healthy composition of human microbiota. This review was aimed to summarize the results of human studies comparing the microbiome of healthy individuals with different physical activity amounts. Methods We searched Medline/Ovid, NIH/PubMed, and Academic Search Complete between August–October 2020. Inclusion criteria comprised: (a) cross-sectional studies focused on comparing gut microbiome among subjects with different physical activity levels; (b) studies describing human gut microbiome responses to any type of exercise stimulus; (c) studies containing healthy adult women and men. We excluded studies containing diet modifications, probiotic or prebiotic consumption, as well as studies focused on diabetes, hypertension, cancer, hormonal dysfunction. Methodological quality and risk of bias for each study were assessed using the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies—of Interventions tool. The results from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are shown independently. Results A total of 17 articles were eligible for inclusion: ten cross-sectional and seven longitudinal studies. Main outcomes vary significantly according to physical activity amounts in longitudinal studies. We identified discrete changes in diversity indexes and relative abundance of certain bacteria in active people. Conclusion As literature in this field is rapidly growing, it is important that studies incorporate diverse methods to evaluate other aspects related to active lifestyles such as sleep and dietary patterns. Exploration of other groups such as viruses, archaea and parasites may lead to a better understanding of gut microbiota adaptation to physical activity and sports and its potentially beneficial effects on host metabolism and endurance.

Introduction Venezuela and Colombia both adopted measures of containment early in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, Venezuela's ongoing humanitarian crisis has decimated its health care system, and forced millions of Venezuelans to flee through its porous border with Colombia. The extensive shared border, and illegal cross-border transit through improvised trails between the two countries are major challenges for public health authorities. We report the first SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Venezuela, and present a snapshot of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemiologic landscape in the Colombian-Venezuelan border region. Methods We sequenced and assembled viral genomes from total RNA extracted from nasopharyngeal (NP) clinical specimens using a custom reference-based analysis pipeline. Three assemblies obtained were subjected to typing using the Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak LINeages ‘Pangolin’ tool. A total of 376 publicly available SARS-CoV-2 genomes from South America were obtained from the GISAID database to perform comparative genomic analyses. Additionally, the Wuhan-1 strain was used as reference. Results We found that two of the SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Venezuela belonged to the B1 lineage, and the third to the B.1.13 lineage. We observed a point mutation in the Spike protein gene (D614G substitution), previously reported to be associated with increased infectivity, in all three Venezuelan genomes. An additional three mutations (R203K/G204R substitution) were present in the nucleocapsid (N) gene of one Venezuelan genome. Conclusions Genomic sequencing demonstrates similarity between SARS-CoV-2 lineages from Venezuela and viruses collected from patients in bordering areas in Colombia and from Brazil, consistent with cross-border transit despite administrative measures including lockdowns. The presence of mutations associated with increased infectivity in the 3 Venezuelan genomes we report and Colombian SARS-CoV-2 genomes from neighboring borders areas may pose additional challenges for control of SARS-CoV-2 spread in the complex epidemiological landscape in Latin American countries. Public health authorities should carefully follow the progress of the pandemic and its impact on displaced populations within the region.

La presente nota realiza una valoración crítica de la monografía coordinada por los profesores Roca y Santolaya titulada Europe of Rights: A Compendium on the European Convention of Human Rights.This article reviews the book edited by Professors Roca and Santolaya entitled Europe of Rights: A Compendium on the European Convention of Human.

Este trabajo realiza una revisión crítica del conceptode constitución económica, acuñado por la doctrina alemana, analizandosu contenido, alcance y su aplicación al marco económico de laUnión Europea. En este sentido, se planteará la relación entre economíay Constitución, el papel de la regulación económica en el marcode la UE, su relación con las previsiones constitucionales nacionalesy, en último término, se centrará en los elementos de la constitucióneconómica de esta entidad supranacional sin perder de vista el marconacional y los desafíos que ello plantea. Para describir el contenidode la constitución económica de la UE se recuperará parcialmenteel viejo símil del templo griego de los tres pilares, adaptándolo a estacompleja materia. Finalmente, se concluye que la constitución económicade la UE constituye un modelo único que se inspira en los valoresordoliberales y que contiene elementos intervencionistas y persigue,en última instancia, desarrollar un auténtico contenido social.This paper performs a critical review of the concept ofeconomic constitution, coined by the German doctrine, analyzing itscontent, scope and its application to the economic framework of theEuropean Union. In this regard, the relationship between the economyand the Constitution, the role of economic regulation withinthe framework of the EU, its relationship with national constitutionalprovisions and, ultimately, will focus on the elements of theeconomic constitution of this supranational entity without losingsight of the national framework and the challenges that this poses.To describe the content of the economic constitution of the EU, theold simile of the Greek temple of the three pillars will be partially recovered,adapting it to this complex matter. Finally, it is concludedthat the economic constitution of the EU constitutes a unique modelthat is inspired by ordoliberal values and that contains interventionistelements and seeks, in the last instance, to develop an authenticsocial content.

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