The present study reports on the extraction of total carotenoids from peach palm fruit by-products with sunflower oil. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the effect of process variables on the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Three independent variables including ultrasonic intensity (764-1528, W/m(2)), temperature (25-45°C), and the extraction time (10-30 min). According to the results, the optimal UAE condition was obtained with an ultrasonic intensity of 1528 W/m(2), extraction temperature of 35°C and extraction time of 30 min. At these conditions, extraction maximum extraction of total carotenoids as 163.47 mg/100 g dried peel. The experimental values under optimal condition were in good consistent with the predicted values.

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Caracterización de escoria de cobre secundaria y evaluación de su actividad puzolánica Characterization of secondary copper slag and evaluation of its pozzolanic activity reaction Resumen El presente estudio se centró en la caracterización de una escoria de cobre secundaria (ECS) generada por una empresa ubicada en la región del Valle del Cauca, Colombia, para su posible uso como adición en el proceso de producción de cemento. Se realizó un análisis de distribución de tamaño de partícula (DTP), caracterización química (FRX), caracterización mineralógica (DRX) y, finalmente, se evaluó la actividad puzolánica de la escoria de cobre secundaria fina (ECF) utilizando el método establecido en la norma ASTM C 311, por medio del índice de actividad por resistencia (IAR). Se encontró que la ECF cumple con las condiciones químicas para clasificarse como puzolana y con las condiciones de resistencia, de acuerdo a las normas ASTM C618 y ASTM C311, respectivamente, con un IAR de 67,37 % a 7 días y 78,56 % a 28 días. Se encontró también, que los principales componentes mineralógicos de la ECF son leucita y piroxeno, y que el porcentaje de fase vítrea de la escoria es 45,8 %, con estos resultados se hace posible la utilización de este residuo en procesos de fabricación de materiales cementantes. Palabras clave: puzolana, residuo industrial, aprovechamiento de residuos, morteros de matriz cementicia, índice de actividad por resistencia.

One branch of civil engineering is construction engineering, geared primarily towards humans. However, this branch also includes buildings designed for animals called animal housing (dwellings or shelters or corrals). Like physical spaces for humans, animal housing requires sufficient conditions for an occupation that guarantees the performance of indoor activities pleasantly and comfortably. One of the parameters for characterizing and classifying the penned livestock farm environment is the thermal comfort range that reflects the indoor temperature behavior for animal welfare, together with other climatic elements such as relative humidity. This research carried out fieldwork to evaluate the thermal environment of pigpens located in Palmira, Colombia, in the time range between 07:00 and 21:00 hours. Using thermometers and hygrometers, we recorded and analyzed the indoor temperature behavior within the thermal comfort range associated with relative humidity for the well-being of pigs. The records made it possible to calculate humidity and temperature index and humidity and black globe temperature index. According to the results, the pig rearing environment was classified as critical for breeding pigs and newborn piglets, suggesting the use of controlled environment systems in pig facilities. In conclusion, monitoring the climatic environment by criteria that combine air temperature and relative humidity is a useful tool for planning pig facilities.