Using operant conditioning procedures, we assessed the olfactory sensitivity of six CD-1 mice and three spider monkeys for mold-associated odorants. We found that with all eight stimuli, the mice detected concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm (parts per million), and with two of them individual animals even detected concentrations as low as 1 ppt (parts per trillion). The spider monkeys detected concentrations as low as 4 ppm with all eight stimuli, and with four of them individual animals even detected concentrations as low as 4 ppb (parts per billion). Between-species comparisons showed that with all eight odorants, the mice displayed significantly lower threshold values, that is, a higher sensitivity than the spider monkeys, but not than human subjects tested in previous studies. Analysis of odor structure–activity relationships showed that in both species, the type of oxygen-containing functional group and the presence versus absence of a double bond as well as the length of the carbon backbone of the odor stimuli had a systematic effect on detectability. We conclude that both mice and spider monkeys are clearly able to detect the presence of molds and thus to assess the palatability of potential food using the volatiles produced by molds during putrefaction.

A study on past water injector well performance indicated that soaking the OH with DIF breaker was not effective at removing filtercake, especially when compared with wells that had a post-completion stimulation. Analysis of the data suggested that long term injectivity/productivity could be improved at lower cost if a stimulation could be performed during the lower completion operational step. A new technology to precisely inject and divert acid, through the screens, towards the filtercake during the lower completion installation was developed, thoroughly tested and finally trialed in a well, to verify the results and validate the theory. A jetting tool assembly was developed, with the goal to improve clean-up by impelling acid through the screens and against the filtercake, adding agitation (previously unavailable through soaking placement) leading to a more thorough filtercake clean-up during lower completion installation. The assembly ran in hole includes a high-pressure jetting tool designed to divert the acid to every inch of formation for a very thorough filtercake removal, and it is powerful enough to jet through the screens and reach the formation face. The development process included the expansion of the jetting tool's capability to pump at higher rates, and the addition of two flow control tools to assist the jetting tool to function at will, while maintaining all typical lower completion service tool functionalities prior to its activation. Once the tool was developed, a series of successful tests were carried out, culminating with a full-scale SIT on a rig, to fully test all the capabilities of the tool assembly. Finally, the technology was successfully trialed in an deepwater injector well in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) to acid jet the filtercake, achieving very positive initial results, which support expansion of the technology's use to other assets and well types. High pressure jetting tools have been used before with coiled tubing deployment, but never during a lower completion run. Through the development of the new tools, and the expansion of the jetting tool capabilities, this new approach allows the operator to save significant post-completion intervention costs by adding the stimulation capability to the completion phase of the well, obtaining a significantly better well performance at a reduced cost. This is especially significant in deepwater wells.

Open hole (OH) completions are not very common in the GoM, but the area has seen an uptick in OH wells in recent years, and a few big projects have elected to use the same completion archetype. There are several different ways to complete an OH well, and one of these completion techniques involves running screens across the OH in Drill-In fluid (DIF), displacing the DIF out of the OH with brine, and then setting the packer, before pumping a filter cake breaker, designed to remove the filter cake and restore the reservoir permeability to near pre-drilling levels. A review of past open hole (OH) well completions in GoM revealed that there was an inconsistent action of the breaker on the filter-cake: sometimes the breaker would react quickly, and sometimes there was no noticeable effect. This study led to the development of a new technology to allow better displacements of the OH, with the ultimate objective of reducing initial well skin induced by the drill-in fluid (DIF) and filter cake. It was theorized that the low displacement rates would lead to poor removal of the mud from the OH, in turn leading to a poor breaker action on the DIF filter cake and a long-term impact on well injectivity and increased OPEX, as these wells tend to need an initial stimulation within a short timeframe after initial completion. The approach used was to develop a new tool to allow faster displacement rates, and test it on a trial well, to verify the results and validate this theory. To solve this problem, a new tool was proposed, developed and fully tested in a tight deadline of 6 months. The new module allows up to 9 bpm rates and up to 3,500 psi differential pressure before setting the packer, versus the previous ∼800 psi differential pressure limit, present in all tools in the market, for that casing size (7 5/8"). During the first well trial, the tool allowed a displacement of the OH at double the pump rates obtained in previous wells in the same basin, with similar OH lengths, leading to the smallest volume of contaminated fluid interface seen to date, indicating a much better displacement. Once the well was put online, it achieved an injection rate above expectations, even when the drilled OH interval penetrated significantly less net sands than originally planned. The results on this single well trial seem to corroborate the theory posed, however it is recognized that more data is required to be certain of its results, and that will only come with time, as well performance is measured and compared with other wells that did not use the same technology. The novelty of this new technology is the ability to obtain a better displacement of the OH, leading to a better breaker action and well cleanup in OH completions. Although the trial well was an injector well, the technology is equally applicable to producer wells. The paper will cover the problem description, installation procedures, development and testing of the technology, design aspects of using the technology and the successful implementation in the trial well.

Infra-Estruturas de Telecomunicações em Edifícios (ITED) O que mudará com o ITED RNG ?A

fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractThis paper describes the ongoing development of a new lateral reentry system that provides access to all levels of multilateral wells. The inability to selectively enter Level 1 and 2 lateral extensions (classifications of the Technical Advancement of Multilateral wells, TAML) has traditionally limited rig-based and rig less coiled tubing operations in these wells. Although coiled tubing as a means to work in live wells offers distinct advantages in the late stages of well construction, until recently no reliable coiled tubing reentry technique was available.The new system design includes a reentry bottomhole assembly (BHA), which consists of a surface-controlled orienting tool and a controllable bent sub. The system identifies the window of the selected lateral before attempting reentry, and confirmation of successful identification and entry is visible at surface through a software-displayed pressure log. The technique does not require a wired coiled tubing string; the corrosion-resistant reentry tool is operated solely on flow and is conveyed with standard coiled tubing equipment.Field examples are presented that demonstrate the success of this system in reentering a designated lateral on the first attempt for operations such as matrix stimulation and openhole formation wash treatments. Current developments that enlarge the scope of applications to wellbore logging are also described.With the introduction of a new reentry technique, operations such as openhole formation washes, selective matrix stimulation, production logs and nitrogen kickoff operations can be performed on coiled tubing in live, flowing multilateral wells. The ability to access all levels of multilateral wells with coiled tubing adds a new planning and contingency option to the operator's and driller's decision matrix for the drilling and completion phase.