The debate on the environmental and social sustentainability of quinoa in its area of major world production (southern highlands of Bolivia) revived with the acceptance by the United Nations of the Bolivian proposal to declare in 2013 as the Year of the Quinoa. Public debate focused on local impacts of quinoa expansion in the Southern highlands of Bolivia, denouncing several negative impacts of quinoa culture such as land degradation, socioeconomic disrupts and biodiversity loss. However, the global or at least the international implications of the expanding quinoa market were less debated and often in caricature, varying between culpability and ingenuity among consumers, while Andean producers were described as trapped by poverty or short sighted greed. If researchers are to make a relevant contribution to the debate on the impact of quinoa expansion on the social and environmental sustainability of the Andean agriculture, is it necessary to re-evaluate present knowledge and ignorance about local Andean production systems integrated with links at the global scales, taking into account local-global interactions.In the present paper are revisited some major ill-founded assertions commonly expressed in this debate and three lines of arguments are used to support the need for a more cautious and ethical approach to quinoa related issues. Key words: debate, biodiversity, socioecological. RESUMEN

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El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la calidad del servicio en ferias libres, por medio de la identificación y comparación de la manera en que clientes y comerciantes juzgan la calidad del servicio. Los datos fueron obtenidos desde la Feria Libre Nº 2, en la comuna (Municipio) de Quinta Normal, de la ciudad de Santiago de Chile, por medio de entrevistas en profundidad y grupos focales con clientes y comerciantes. A partir de los resultados de dicha etapa cualitativa, se diseñó y condujo una etapa posterior de investigación cuantitativa, basada en una encuesta a una muestra de 385 personas, de entre los clientes que concurrían a comprar a la Feria Libre estudiada. El diseño del modelo de análisis se basó en lo propuesto por Hayes (1998, 2008), el cual describe conceptos como incidentes críticos, elementos de satisfacción y dimensiones de calidad. Los resultados permitieron definir 38 elementos de satisfacción, agrupados en 11 dimensiones de calidad. Los resultados de la etapa cuantitativa mostraron que las dimensiones de calidad de atención que obtuvieron la mejor evaluación por parte de los clientes corresponden a Confiabilidad y Amabilidad, con porcentajes promedio de aprobación sobre el 80% en sus respectivos elementos de satisfacción, mientras que las dimensiones peor evaluadas corresponden a Servicio al Cliente y Regulación, con porcentajes promedio inferiores a 50% en sus correspondientes elementos de satisfacción. Palabras clave: calidad de servicio, calidad de atención, dimensiones de calidad, elemento de satisfacción, ferias libres.

Valorising the biocultural heritage of common goods could enable peasant farmers to achieve socially and economically inclusive sustainability. Increasingly appreciated by consumers, peasant heritage products offer small farmers promising opportunities for economic, social and territorial development. To identify the obstacles and levers of this complex, multi-scale and multi-stakeholder objective, an integrative conceptual framework is needed. We applied the panarchy conceptual framework to two cases of participatory research with small quinoa producers: a local fair in Chile and quinoa export production in Bolivia. In both cases, the "commoning" process was crucial both to bring stakeholders together inside their communities and to gain recognition for their productions outside and thus reach social and economic inclusion. Despite the difference in scale, the local fair and the export market shared a similar marketing strategy based on short value chains promoting quality products with high identity value. In these dynamics of biocultural heritage valorisation, the panarchical approach revealed the central place as well as the vulnerability of the community territory. As a place of both anchoring and opening, the community territory is the priviledged space where autonomous and consensual control over the governance of common biocultural resources can be exercised.

Uso de harina de hojas de quínoa (Chenopodium quinoa) como ingrediente innovador, para la elaboración de alimentos de uso humano Use of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) leaves' flour as an innovative ingredient in human food elaboration