El presente trabajo propone un análisis pragmático de la noción de «disculpa» en el corte sincrónico que reflejan las obras de Plauto y Terencio, lo que permite profundizar en la expresión de la cortesía lingüística en latín. El acto lingüístico de la disculpa se define como el intento de reparar una ofensa cometida contra el interlocutor, para así regresar a la situación de equilibrio original. Por ello, resulta un acto de habla intrínsecamente cortés hacia el destinatario, pues salvaguarda su imagen social, mientras que pone en peligro la del emisor. Se ofrece aquí una descripción de las estrategias expresivas para la disculpa reconocibles en el corpus mencionado, que atiende a los contextos de uso y a posibles diferencias provocadas por el perfil del hablante.Palabras clave: Plauto; Terencio, Pragmática; Cortesía lingüística; Disculpa. This paper presents a pragmatic analysis of the notion of «apology» in the synchronic stage reflected in the comedies written by Plautus and Terence. This allows to deepen the understanding of the expression of linguistic politeness in Latin. The linguistic act of apology is defined as the attempt of repairing an offence committed against the addressee, in order to recover the former situation of equilibrium. Thus, apologies are inherently polite speech acts that threaten the speaker's social face, while protecting the addressee's public self image. The study offers an overview of the expressive strategies for apologizing that can be recognized in the abovementioned works, taking into consideration the contexts of use and the differences caused by the speaker's profile.

This paper contributes to the study of linguistic politeness in the Latin language, through the analysis of the speech act of congratulation. Taking the comedies of Plautus (ca. 254-184 B.C.) and Terence (ca. 185-159 B.C.) as the corpus, the present study analyses both the possibilities that the speaker has at his/her disposal to express this communicative intention, and the interferences that are produced with other speech acts that are conceptualised in a similar way in the corpus. The article also discusses some of the sociolinguistic distribution tendencies at play.

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This paper aims to contribute to the study of the first stages of the development of European politeness, through the analysis of the metalanguage of politeness used in two Latin poems with the title Facetus (Facetus: cum nihil utilius and Facetus: moribus et vita), both dating from the twelfth century. These two texts established a fertile genre of behaviour manuals, developed during the Middle Ages both in Latin and in vernacular languages, and illustrate an intermediary moment of transition from ancient conceptualisations of politeness (given that they heavily draw on Roman ideas and literature) to early modern ones. The semantic analysis of the Latin politeness meta-terms used in those poems, such as facetus, decorus, mos or decus, allows us to get a glimpse, through the emic perspective offered by these meta-terms, of the moral order underlying the code of courtly behaviour.

The concept of "Discernment politeness" stems from research undertaken in the 1980s on the Japanese phenomenon of wakimae. Since the earliest work on the phenomenon by Hill et al. (1986) and Ide (1989Ide ( , 1992, many scholars have looked to further explore Discernment across cultures (i.e. Kádár and Mills 2013;Kádár and Paternoster 2015;Ridealgh and Jucker 2019). Fundamentally, Discernment has been approached as expected (and quasi-mandatory) behavioural norms used by subordinates towards their superiors within a communicative act, dictated by the socio-cultural context of the interaction (Ridealgh and Jucker 2019). What becomes apparent, when studying ancient languages, is that due to the hierarchical nature of remote societies, Discernment includes a complementary dimension, an opposing phenomenon to deference, equally visible in interpersonal interactions, which has its foundation within the Power variable. This paper explores this opposing phenomenon (i.e. expected or permitted language used by superiors to their subordinates as a manifestation of their Power), which we call "Potestas", within the context of Late Egyptian and Old Latin, in order to highlight the phenomenon, its forms of expression in these two languages, the gaps in regards to the Power variable within traditional politeness approaches, and its relationship with (Im)politeness Research.