PurposeTo evaluate the various patterns of subretinal fluid (SRF) in eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the absence of macular neovascularisation (MNV) and to assess the long-term outcomes in these eyes.MethodsThis retrospective study included only eyes with non-neovascular AMD and associated SRF. Eyes with evidence of MNV were excluded. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was obtained at baseline and at follow-up, and qualitative and quantitative SD-OCT analysis of macular drusen including drusenoid pigment epithelial detachment (PED) and associated SRF was performed to determine anatomic outcomes.ResultsForty-five eyes (45 patients) were included in this analysis. Mean duration of follow-up was 49.7±36.7 months. SRF exhibited three different morphologies: crest of fluid over the apex of the drusenoid PED, pocket of fluid at the angle of a large druse or in the crypt of confluent drusen or drape of low-lying fluid over confluent drusen. Twenty-seven (60%) of the 45 eyes with fluid displayed collapse of the associated druse or drusenoid PED and 24 (53%) of the 45 eyes developed evidence of complete or incomplete retinal pigment epithelial and outer retinal atrophy.ConclusionNon-neovascular AMD with SRF is an important clinical entity to recognise to avoid unnecessary anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. Clinicians should be aware that SRF can be associated with drusen or drusenoid PED in the absence of MNV and may be the result of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) decompensation and RPE pump failure.

In this review, we discuss about current knowledge about stem cell (SC) therapy in the treatment of retinal degeneration. Both human embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell has been growth in culture for a long time, and started to be explored in the treatment of blinding conditions. The Food and Drug Administration, recently, has granted clinical trials using SC retinal therapy to treat complex disorders, as Stargardt's dystrophy, and patients with geographic atrophy, providing good outcomes. This study's intent is to overview the critical regeneration of the subretinal anatomy through retinal pigment epithelium transplantation, with the goal of reestablish important pathways from the retina to the occipital cortex of the brain, as well as the differentiation from pluripotent quiescent SC to adult retina, and its relationship with a primary retinal injury, different techniques of transplantation, management of immune rejection and tumorigenicity, its potential application in improving patients' vision, and, finally, approaching future directions and challenges for the treatment of several conditions.

RESUMOObjetivo: Identificar as doenças oculares mais comumente presentes no serviço de urgência de um Centro de Referência em Oftalmologia localizado na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo de delineamento transversal, observacional, retrospectivo com análise de prontuários de atendimentos realizados no período de abril de 2009 a março de 2010, no Centro de Referência em Oftalmologia -CEROF da Universidade Federal de Goiás. As variáveis estudadas foram idade, sexo, procedência, doenças oculares diagnosticadas e doenças sistêmicas associadas. Resultados: Um número total de 2105 prontuários foram analisados neste estudo. A faixa etária mais encontrada foi entre 15 e 29 anos (30,2%), seguida pela entre 30 e 39 anos (20,9%) e entre 40 e 49 anos (14,9%), a idade média foi 34,3 anos. Houve predominância de pacientes do sexo masculino (64,8 %) em relação ao feminino (35,2%). O local de procedência predominante foi o município de Goiânia (80,7%), com 19,2% de pacientes do interior do estado e de outros estados. As maiores causas de atendimento foram: corpo estranho extraocular (25,5%), conjuntivites infecciosas (23,6%) e ceratites e úlceras de córnea(11,3%), tumores de pálpebras e órbita(7,2%), olho seco(4,7%), e blefarite(3,8%). O trauma ocular registrou prevalência de 6,3%.Conclusão: As doenças oculares atendidas mais frequentemente na urgência do CEROF são semelhantes a outros serviços da mesma natureza no Brasil. A maior parte dos casos é considerada de resolução simples, que podem ser tratados em serviços de atendimento primário, reduzindo a referência a serviços de atendimento terciário delegando a estes casos de maior complexidade.Descritores: Oftalmopatias/epidemiologia; Conjuntivite; Traumatismos oculares; Emergências; Prevalência Goiás,Goiânia (GO) Brazil, between april, 2009 to march, 2010 ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the prevalence of ophthalmic diseases seen in the emergency department of a specialized center in Brazilian CenterWestern area. Methods: This is a retrospective transverse observation study based on patients chart who were seen at Ophthalmic Reference Center (CEROF), Federal University of

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze a data set from a brokerage firm to find possible spoofing cases in ten stocks from the Ibovespa index. The studies proposed concerned the parameters used in the search for the practice, the frequency of occurrences during the negotiation period, the impact on the price caused by the size of the spoofing order and the correlation between the stock's liquidity and the number of occurrences. Design/methodology/approach By using intraday orders flows, the authors are able to reassemble the order book and perform an analysis of potential market manipulation. Findings The authors found six possible cases, all of them happened in the beginning or end of the negotiation period, confirming that there is a window of opportunity for the practice when there is greater uncertainty related to the stock's price. Moreover, they found that in the less liquid stocks, it was necessary to place greater spoofing orders aiming to narrow the wider spread. Practical implications A methodology for spoofing detection that can be replicated by brokerage firms and other researchers was developed. Social implications The study contributes to the literature of capital market regulation by suggesting best practices for regulators and self-regulatory entities to avoid a predatory market practice. Originality/value The authors present an algorithm and parameters for detecting spoofing; other papers are not practical orientated.

Prevalência de doenças oculares e causas de comprometimento visual em crianças atendidas em um Centro de Referência em Oftalmologia do centro-oeste do Brasil