This study involved the development and performance assessment of a cultural adaptation of the Katz scale of independence in activities of daily living, translated into Portuguese in BrazilA capacidade funcional é medida por meio de instrumentos padronizados que avaliam o desempenho do idoso nas atividades da vida diária e nas atividades instrumentais da vida diá-ria. Uma das escalas mais utilizadas para avaliar o desempenho nas atividades da vida diária é a Escala de Independência em Atividades da Vida Diária (EIAVD), ou Escala de Katz 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 . Ela foi desenvolvida para a avaliação dos resultados de tratamentos em idosos e predizer o prognóstico nos doentes crônicos. A EIAVD consta de seis itens que medem o desempenho do indivíduo nas atividades de autocuidado, os quais obedecem a uma hierarquia de complexidade, da seguinte forma: alimentação, controle de esfíncteres, transferência, higiene pessoal, capacidade para se vestir e tomar banho 4 . Essa seqüência é semelhante à observada durante o desenvolvimento infantil, em que primeiramente a criança aprende a levar a colher à boca para, somente mais tarde, tornar-se capaz de tomar banho de forma independente. Tais considerações levaram à suposição de que a escala ARTIGO ARTICLE

Abstract

Consumption of alcoholic beverages is widely encouraged by the mass media, despite the related health risks. Today's students in the health fields are the professionals of tomorrow who will be providing advice and serving as role models for patients. The aim of this study was to analyze alcohol consumption and related factors among these students. A total of 608 male and female university students from Maceió, the capital of Alagoas State, Brazil, completed a self-administered questionnaire. Data analysis included Poisson regression and multinomial logistic models. Prevalence of lifetime use of alcohol was 90.4%. Prevalence of alcohol abuse was 18.3% in men and 6.1% in women. Heavier alcohol consumption and alcohol abuse were observed in males, older students, non-natives of Maceió, smokers, and those exposed to alcohol advertising. The results emphasized the vulnerability of these young people to risky health behaviors. Their future social role highlights distinct needs in their university education to enable them to act professionally in this area.

This literature review provides an overview of the effectiveness of strategies and procedures used to extend breastfeeding duration. Interventions carried out during pregnancy and/or infant care conducted in primary health care services, community settings, or hospital clinics were included. Interventions covering only the delivery period were excluded. Interventions that were most effective in extending the duration of breastfeeding generally combined information, guidance, and support and were long term and intensive. During prenatal care, group education was the only effective strategy reported. Home visits used to identify mothers' concerns with breastfeeding, assist with problem solving, and involve family members in breastfeeding support were effective during the postnatal period or both periods. Individual education sessions were also effective in these periods, as was the combination of 2 or 3 of these strategies in interventions involving both periods. Strategies that had no effect were characterized by no face-to-face interaction, practices contradicting messages, or small-scale interventions.

BackgroundSeveral Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries have introduced pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-10 or PCV-13) in their routine national immunization programs.ObjectivesWe aimed to summarize the evidence of PCV impact and effectiveness in children under 5 years old in the LAC Region.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of the literature on impact or effectiveness of PCVs on deaths or hospitalizations due to invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis. We searched Medline, WoS, Lilacs, Scopus, Central and gray literature published in any language from 2009 to January 2016. We included studies addressing the outcomes of interest in children in the target age group, and with the following designs: randomized trials, cohort or case-control, interrupted time series with at least three data points before and after the intervention, and before-after studies. Screening of citations, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were conducted in duplicate by independent reviewers, according to the study protocol registered on PROSPERO. Descriptive analysis of the effectiveness measurements and sensitivity analysis were conducted. Effectiveness is reported as 1-OR or 1-RR for case control or cohort/clinical trials, and as percent change of disease incidence rates for before-after studies.ResultsWe identified 1,085 citations, 892 from databases and 193 from other sources. Of these, 22 were further analyzed. Studies were from Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina, Peru and Nicaragua. Effectiveness ranged from 8.8–37.8% for hospitalizations due to X-ray confirmed pneumonia, 7.4–20.6% for clinical pneumonia, and 13.3–87.7% for meningitis hospitalizations, and 56–83.3% for IPD hospitalization, varying by age, outcome definition, type of vaccine and study design.ConclusionsAvailable evidence to date indicates significant impact of both PCV-10 and PCV-13 in the outcomes studied, with no evidence of the superiority of one vaccine over the other on pneumonia, IPD or meningitis hospitalization reduction in children under 5 years old.