Objective: To assess the integration of decellularized heterologous collagen matrices into the urethra, when implanted with no cells or when seeded with autologous smooth muscle cells. Materials and Methods: Eighteen New Zealand rabbits were randomly assigned to two groups: Group I (n = 9) -animals undergoing urethral segment resection with interposition of a patch of heterologous collagen matrix seeded with autologous smooth muscle cells; Group II (n = 9) -animals undergoing resection of a urethral segment with interposition of a decellularized heterologous collagen matrix patch. Two animals from each group were sacrificed on postoperative days seven, fourteen and twenty-eight; three animals from each group were sacrificed at the end of three postoperative months. At the end of the third month one animal from each group underwent urethroscopy for urethral integrity assessment and one animal from each group had its microcirculation image captured by a SDF device (Side-stream Dark Field -Microscan Analysis Software). One animal from each group in each euthanasia period underwent cystourethrography so as the urethra could be viewed at flow time. The matrices integration was assessed through histological examination using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson trichrome (MT), Picrosirius red and Von Willebrand staining. In a blind study with two pathologists all the slides were studied. Results: The matrices whether seeded or not with autologous muscle cells were able to restore the architecture of the urethra, but were eliminated from the first week on, before incorporation. Microcirculation of the neourethra, at the end of the third month, showed the same characteristics as a normal urethra in both groups of animals. Conclusion: Natural heterologous matrices implanted in the urethra as onlay graft were not incorporated into its walls but were able to fully restore the cell architecture of the organ, regardless of being seeded or not with autologous muscle cells.

The MSCs were able to improve repair of the muscle layer and when injected intravenously, they were noted to initiate the neuronal regeneration process.

The reconstruction of corpus cavernosum using descellularized matrices and mesenchymal stem cells, either by intravenous injection or directly seeded is possible, with growth of corpus cavernosum-like tissue.