Although we are lately witnessing major improvements in breast cancer treatment and patient outcomes, there is still a significant proportion of patients not receiving efficient therapy. More precisely, patients with triple-negative breast cancer or any type of metastatic disease. Currently available prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers are not always applicable and oftentimes lack precision. The science of glycans is a relatively new scientific approach to better characterize malignant transformation and tumor progression. In this review, we summarize the most important information about glycosylation characteristics in breast cancer cells and how different glycoproteins and enzymes involved in glycosylation could serve as more precise biomarkers, as well as new therapeutic targets.

A skin test to assess cell mediated delayed hypersensitivity (DH) used to evaluated immune response of chickens. Results of many study indicated, that skin testing is especially useful as a simple in vivo screening to evaluate normal and suppressed T-cell mediated DH. Chickens were sensitized with using mitogens, B and T-cell dependent antigen by intradermal injection. The most feathered skin of chickens is too thin for adequate intradermal injections, so the wattle is the standard site for skin testing, however, in younger than 2 or 3 weeks old chickens, the wattle is undeveloped and intradermal injection and measurement of response are difficult. A simple interdigital skin used by many of the authors. Skin swelling response and DH reaction were measured in mm before injections and after. The skin test and DH in vivo results edemas-initiating characteristics of sensitizing agents, which increase in skin thickness detectable after 4- 6 hours of application. Many of investigation results suggests that healthy chickens are able to have strong immune response and support the concept that some changes in the cell-mediated immune response and other pathogens may potentially affect immune response.

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-Krunoslav Pranjić: Ma nije ni svaki stereotip banalna navada ako se začme čime iznimnim. Prepuštam dvije rečenice samomu Matošu, gdje on u svojoj (objavljenoj) Autobiografi ji, sebi nalik, autoironično i napol praznovjerno napisa: "Rođen sam u Srijemu, u Tovarniku, u petak, trinaestoga lipnja 1873. Dijete sam ostarjeloga devetnaestog i starac dvadesetog još djetinjastog vijeka". Komentiram: "Starac" Matoš imao je u vrijeme respektivnog autografa (1910.) svega 37 godišta!?Antun je bio prvenac (primogenitus) u oca Augusta i majke Marije rođ. Schams sudetsko-njemačkog podrijetla (1851.-1944.). E, sad se može posve odstupiti od stereotipstva: zadrt (obično: zadrigao) kakav ideologiziran fanatik rasnog čistunstva u prilici je da klikne: daklem -Matoš, Gustav nije "rasni" Hrvat jer da mu je mati pemska Švabica/švabska Pemica! E pa: nazdravlje takvu virtualnu brojaču crvenih/bijelih zrnaca i genskih (nasljednih) tjelešaca; mogu mu ponuditi i ovakav šok-izazov: A.G.M., neprijeporan i epohalan "začinjavac" modernog, sofi sticiranoga hrvatskog književnog stila i jezika… "daklem" nije bio rassisch rein (poput rijetkih onih "kućnih ljubimaca", mácā i kúcā, koje ak' nisu rassisch, jesu barem Zimmer rein. Ha?

Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as CTLA-4 inhibitors (ipilimumab), PD-1 (nivolumab, pembrolizumab), and PD-L1 inhibitors (atezolizumab, durvalumab) have become standard in the treatment of numerous malignant tumors.Immunotherapy blocks the body's natural protective measures with immune checkpoint inhibitors. It prevents immune over-activation, but it can also affect normal tissue, and cause autoimmune side effects. They cover a diverse spectrum of events and require different treatment approaches. Immune-related side effects can affect any organ or tissue, but most commonly affect the skin, colon, lungs, liver and endocrine organs (such as the pituitary or thyroid).We can divide them according to the anatomical location where they cause side effects. Most of these side effects are mild to moderate and reversible if detected early and treated appropriately. The most common side effects of CTLA-4 inhibitor and PD-1 / PD-L1 inhibitor are skin symptoms (such as rash and itching). Gastrointestinal symptoms (such as diarrhea) are more common with CTLA-4 inhibitors, while lung symptoms and thyroid dysfunction occur more frequently with the use of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.It is important to determine the side effect, and the degree of the same to be able to treat it adequately. First-grade side effects are mild, second grade moderate, third grade severe, and fourth grade very severe.Re-administration of immunotherapy after immunotherapy in patients with significant irAE (immune-related adverse events) during initial treatment with either a CTLA-4 inhibitor and/or a PD-1 / PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitor can be safely repeated after discussing and ensuring that the patient does not experience a new serious side effect.