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Aim: Intraosseous (IO)-access plays an alternative route during resuscitation. Our study in preterm and term stillborns was performed to find alternative IO puncture sites beside the recommended proximal tibia. Methods:The cadavers used were legal donations. 20 stillborns (mean: 29.2weeks, IQR 27.1À39.6) were investigated. Spectral-CT were analysed to calculate the diameter and circumferences of: i) proximal humerus ii) distal femur iii) proximal tibia iv) diaphyseal tibial. Contrast medium was applied under video documentation to investigate the drainage into the vascular system.Results: In term newborns, diameter of the cortex of the proximal humeral head is 12.1 AE 1.8 mm, distal end of the femur 11.9 AE 3.4 mm and the proximal tibial bone 12.0 AE 2.4 mm with cross-sectional diameter of 113.5 AE 19.7 mm 2 , 120.6 AE 28.2 mm 2 and 111.6 AE 29.5 mm 2 , respectively. Regarding the preterm groups, there is a strong age-related growth in diameter and cross -sectional size. The diaphyseal area is the smallest in all measured bones with an age-dependent increase and is about half of that of metaphyseal diameters (proximal and distal) and about one third of that of metaphyseal cross sectional areas. The proximal femoral head region has the largest diameter of all measured bones with an egg-shaped formation with an extensive joint capsula. All investigated metaphyseal areas lack a clearly enclosed bone marrow cavity. Infusion of contrast medium into the distal femoral end and the proximal humerus head demonstrate the drainage of contrast medium into the central venous system within seconds. Conclusion:Proximal humeral head and distal femoral end might be alternative IO areas which may lead to further IO puncture sites in neonates.

A sustainable, interconnected, and smart energy network in which hydrogen plays a major role cannot be dismissed as a utopia anymore. There are vast international and industrial ambitions to reach the envisioned system transformation, and the decarbonization of the mobility sector is a central pillar comprising a huge economic share. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are one of the most promising technologies in the brigade of clean energy devices and have potentially wide applicability for transportation, due to their high efficiencies and impurity tolerance. To uncover future pathways to boost the cell's performance, we propose a detailed multiscale modeling methodology to evaluate the direct impact of cell materials and morphologies on commercial-scale system performance. After acquiring intrinsic electrokinetics decoupled from mass and charge transport of different anode and cathode materials via a half-cell model, a full cell model is employed to identify the most promising electrode combination. Subsequently, a scale-up to the system level is performed by coupling a 3-D kW-stack model to the balance of plant components while focusing on morphological optimization of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). On optimally tailoring the MEA, model results demonstrate that an advanced cell design comprising a Ni fiber-CGO matrix structured anode and a LSCF-infiltrated CGO cathode could reach a stack power density of 1.85 kW L −1 and a net system efficiency of 52.2% for operation at <700 °C, with manageable stack temperature gradients of <14 K cm −1 . The modeloptimized power density is substantially higher than those of commercial stacks and surpasses industrial targets for SOFC-based range extenders. Thus, with further cell and stack development targeting the performance limiting processes elucidated in the paper, commercial SOFCs could, alongside range extenders, also act as prime movers in larger scale transport applications such as trucks, trains, and ships.