There is a wide variation in the approach to surgical treatment of stage II acquired adult flatfoot deformity among academic foot and ankle surgeons. Most surgeons employed a combination of bony and soft-tissue procedures that preserved the subtalar and talonavicular joints.

Upper airway compliance indicates the potential of the airway to collapse and is relevant to the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea. We hypothesized that compliance would vary over the rostral-to-caudal extent of the pharyngeal airway. In a paralyzed isolated upper airway preparation in cats, we controlled static upper airway pressure during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, 0.391-mm resolution). We measured cross-sectional area and anteroposterior and lateral dimensions from three-dimensional reconstructed MRIs in axial slices orthogonal to the airway centerline. High-retropalatal (HRP), midretropalatal (MRP), and hypopharyngeal (HYP) regions were defined. Regional compliance was significantly increased from rostral to caudal regions as follows: HRP < MRP < HYP (P < 0.0001), and compliance differences among regions were directly related to collapsibility. Thus our findings in the isolated upper airway of the cat support the hypothesis that regional differences in pharyngeal compliance exist and suggest that baseline regional variations in compliance and collapsibility may be an important factor in the pathogenesis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea.

Cerebellar hemorrhage is a relatively rare phenomenon in neonates, and most cases are associated with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Prenatally diagnosed intracranial hemorrhage is rare, and diagnoses of cerebellar hemorrhage are even rarer. In our literature search, we discovered 3 cases of prenatal diagnosis of cerebellar hemorrhage, all accompanied by IVH. None of the neonates survived. We report a case initially observed in utero by sonography of cerebellar hemorrhage without evidence of IVH, causing ventriculomegaly in a 32-week twin fetus who was subsequently successfully treated.