Metal food and drink cans are commonly coated with epoxy films made from phenolic polymers produced from bisphenol A (BPA). It is well established that residual BPA monomer migrates into can contents during processing and storage. While a number of studies have reported BPA concentrations in foods from foreign markets and specialty foods on the U.S. market, very few peer-reviewed data for the BPA concentrations in canned food from the U.S. market were available. This study quantified BPA concentrations in 78 canned and two frozen food products from the U.S. market using an adaptation of a previously reported liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The tested products represented 16 different food types that are from the can food classifications that constitute approximately 65% of U.S. canned food sales and canned food consumption. BPA was detected in 71 of the 78 canned food samples but was not detected in either of the two frozen food samples. Detectable BPA concentrations across all foods ranged from 2.6 to 730 ng/g. Large variations in BPA concentrations were found between different products of the same food type and between different lots of the same product. Given the large concentration ranges, the only distinguishable trend was that fruits and tuna showed the lowest BPA concentrations. Experiments with fortified frozen vegetables and brine solutions, as well as higher BPA concentrations in canned food solids over liquid portions, clearly indicated that BPA partitions into the solid portion of foods.

The core parks included three west coast (OLYM, MORA, and SEKI), three Alaska parks (NOAT, GAAR, DENA), and two parks in the Rocky Mountains (ROMO and GLAC). We selected two sampling sites (i.e. lakes) in each park, with the exception of NOAT and GAAR, where we sampled one site in each, for a total of 14 sites. Lakes were selected to have no glaciers in their watersheds, relatively simple bathymetry, minimal inlets and outlets and an established salmonid spp.population that we were permitted to sample. B.) Sample matrices and the rationale for their selection:The WACAP study was designed as a screening study to assess contaminant concentrations across large-scale spatial gradients and temporal scales relevant to western national parks. The seven ecosystem components selected for analysis were: air, snow, water, lake sediments, lichens, conifer needles, and fish. These components were chosen for the reasons described below.End-of-season snowpack samples contain an integrated record of wet and dry contaminant deposition occurring during the snow-accumulation season. A significant proportion of the contaminant load in snowpack may be delivered to the ecosystem during snowmelt (with specific fates varying by contaminant). We used snowpack samples, collected from the vertical face of snow pits dug from the snow surface to the ground, to calculate contaminant flux delivered via snow (3).We used passive air sampling devices (PASD) to: (a) obtain a measure of SOCs in ambient air by means of a simple, standardized technology to compare loadings among parks and across geographic and elevational gradients, (b) compare PASD and vegetation

Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were measured in 136 fish from 14 remote lakes in 8 western U.S. National Parks/Preserves between 2003 and 2005 and compared to human and wildlife contaminant health thresholds. A sensitive (median detection limit--18 pg/g wet weight), efficient (61% recovery at 8 ng/g), reproducible (4.1% relative standard deviation (RSD)), and accurate (7% deviation from standard reference material (SRM)) analytical method was developed and validated for these analyses. Concentrations of PCBs, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexanes, DDTs, and chlordanes in western U.S. fish were comparable to or lower than mountain fish recently collected from Europe, Canada, and Asia. Dieldrin and PBDE concentrations were higher than recent measurements in mountain fish and Pacific Ocean salmon. Concentrations of most contaminants in western U.S. fish were 1-6 orders of magnitude below calculated recreational fishing contaminant health thresholds. However, lake average contaminant concentrations in fish exceeded subsistence fishing cancer thresholds in 8 of 14 lakes and wildlife contaminant health thresholds for piscivorous birds in 1 of 14 lakes. These results indicate that atmospherically deposited organic contaminants can accumulate in high elevation fish, reaching concentrations relevant to human and wildlife health.