Dalam upaya membangun SDM yang berkualitas, Indonesia menghadapi masalah rendahnya mutu pembelajaran di berbagai jenjang pendidikan, khususnya kemampuan literasi membaca di kelas awal sekolah dasar. Padahal siswa yang tidak mampu membaca akan mengalami “efek Mathhew” berupa menurunnya motivasi belajar, rendahnya kemampuan menangkap informasi, berpotensi mengulang kelas, bahkan tidak melanjutkan pendidikan (drop out). Artikel ini berusaha mengkaji persoalan tersebut dan mendiskusikan solusinya. Kami menggunakan data lapangan dari beberapa daerah yang merupakan mitra program INOVASI, antara lain Kabupaten Bulungan, Lombok Utara, serta Sumba Barat Daya dan Sumba Timur. Data dikumpulkan pada medio 2019 melalui wawancara dan diskusi dengan guru, kepala sekolah, pengawas, serta fasilitator daerah pada program INOVASI. Analisis yang kami lakukan menunjukkan terdapat tiga persoalan utama, yaitu rendahnya kompetensi guru, kurikulum yang mengabaikan pelajaran membaca permulaan, serta minimnya sumber daya bacaan. Tiga persoalan ini perlu dipecahkan apabila kita berharap masa depan SDM Indonesia akan lebih berkualitas dan berdaya saing.
AbstrakAgama Marapu merupakan akar dari sistem sosial, politik, dan budaya orang Sumba. Di bidang sosial, ia mendasari terbentuknya pelapisan sosial dari kaum bangsawan, orang bebas, dan budak. Di bidang politik, golongan bangsawan mendapat legitimasi sebagai penguasa lokal (raja). Sementara di bidang budaya, agama ini melahirkan ritual yang diyakini berasal dari zaman megalitik, yaitu upacara kubur batu. Upacara ini diselenggarakan secara kolosal dengan melibatkan jaringan kerabat yang luas, pemotongan hewan dalam jumlah besar, penggunaan kain tradisional yang sarat makna, serta berbagai tahapan ritual yang dimaksudkan untuk mengantar arwah jenazah menuju alam leluhur (parai Marapu). Artikel ini mendeskripsikan konsep-konsep dalam agama Marapu dan manifestasinya dalam upacara kubur batu. Konsep-konsep dalam agama Marapu, meminjam analisis Clifford Geertz, telah menjadi model of reality dan model for reality bagi masyarakat Sumba dalam memahami kehidupan dan kematian. Sebagai model of reality, agama Marapu mengandaikan konsepsi ideal tentang kehidupan pasca-kematian, yaitu parai Marapu. Sementara sebagai model for reality konsepsi mengenai parai Marapu menjadi panduan (peta kognitif) untuk memuliakan orang yang meninggal melalui penyelenggaraan upacara kematian, pemberian bekal kubur, dan persembahan hewan kurban. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, di mana proses pengumpulan data dikerjakan dengan cara melakukan observasi, wawancara mendalam, serta kajian pustaka. Informan dalam penelitian ini adalah kerabat atau anggota keluarga yang hadir dalam penyelenggaraan upacara kubur batu.AbstractMarapu belief is the root of the social, political, and cultural system of Sumba. Socially it underlies the formation of social stratification: the nobles, free people, andslaves. Politically, the nobility have legitimacy as local rulers (kings). Culturally, this belief has given birth to rituals called stone grave ceremony which dates back to megalithic era. The ceremony was held in a colossal way involving extensive network of relatives, large amount of animal slaughtering, the use of very meaningful traditional fabrics, as well as various stages of rituals that are meant to take the bodies to the millieu of an cestral spirits (Parai Marapu).This article describes the concepts of Marapu belief and its manifestations in the stone graveceremony. Borrowing Clifford Geertz’s analysis, concepts in Marapu belief have become a model of reality and models for reality for the people of Sumbain understanding life and death. As a model of reality, Marapu belief counts on ideal conception of life after-death that is Parai Marapu. Whileas a model for reality the conception of Parai Marapu becomes a guide (cognitive map) to honor the dead through the organization of the funeral ceremony, grave goods offering, as well as animal sacrifices. This study used a qualitative approach, in which the process of data collection was conducted through observation, in-depth interviews, and bibliographical review. Informants in this study were relatives or family members who attended the stone grave ceremony.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi: 1) proses mahasiswa Bugis-Makassar merantau ke Melbourne; 2) alasan-alasan mereka untuk menetap; 3) adaptasi dengan lingkungan baru; dan 4) aspek-aspek sosial budaya yang bertahan dan berubah seiring perjalanan waktu. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, di mana pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi pustaka, observasi, dan wawancara mendalam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mahasiswa Bugis-Makassar merantau ke Melbourne dengan memanfaatkan kesempatan beasiswa pendidikan. Setelah kuliah mereka memilih untuk tinggal secara permanen. Keputusan itu dipengaruhi oleh 2 (dua) hal, yaitu faktor internal berupa spirit merantau (masompe') yang dimiliki orang Bugis-Makassar, serta faktor eksternal berupa kondisi kehidupan di Melbourne yang dirasa jauh lebih baik dan nyaman. Keputusan merantau ke Melbourne kemudian mendorong mereka untuk beradaptasi dengan lingkungan baru, yaitu lingkungan alam yang mengalami 4 (empat) musim serta lingkungan sosial-budaya yang majemuk. Di tengah kehidupan yang serba modern dan majemuk, mereka berusaha bertahan meskipun pada akhirnya harus mengalami berbagai perubahan. Kata kunci: diaspora, Bugis Makassar, strategi adaptasi, dan beasiswa pendidikan.Abstract: This research attempts to explain 1) the process of the Bugis-Makassar students whom migrated to Melbourne; 2) their reason(s) to stay; 3) the adaptation process to the new environment; 4) and the socio-cultural aspects that become endure and change. This research used qualitative approach, in which observation is one of the process of data collection besides in-depth interviews and literatures review. The conclusion of this study shows that Bugis-Makassar students had migrated to Melbourne by using educational scholarship opportunity. After completing the study, they chose to live in Australia as permanent resident. Those decision was influenced by internal factors such as wandering spirit (masompe') and external factors such as the condition in Melbourne that feels much better and comfortable. After all, they were success with those adjustment within natural and social life in Melbourne. Still, they tend to maintain the identity as Bugis-Makassar, although in the end they had to experience some alteration.
This article is aimed at describing the role of Surabaya City Administration in nurturing the culture of reading. Presevious studies show that literacy level in Indonesia is relatively low. Inspite of its achievement in eradicating illiteracy, Indonesia has not managed nurturing the culture of reading. In decentralization era, local governments (provincial and regency/city) have vital roles in policy making. They have wider spaces for innovations and creativities in developing their societies and regions, based on the authorities that the central government transferred to them. This context made it possible for the Surabaya City Administration to make policies supporting the nurturing of the culture of reading. This article is based on a field research using qualitative method conducted in Surabaya City. The data of the research resulted from interviews with relevant parties, they are personnel of the Office of Educational Affairs of Surabaya City and the Board of Archive and Library of Surabaya City, and also desk studies. The findings of the research show that in the middle of limited policy instruments available for nurturing literacy, especially nurturing the culture of reading, Surabaya City Administration declared itself as a “city of literacyâ€, followed by many policies supporting the development of literacy. Those policies are the issuance of literacy-supporting regulations, synergy among related government agencies, human resources development, implementation of literacy events, and education ecosystem envionment. The result of the policies is the increase in the reading interest of the people supported by sustainable literacy programs.
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