The safety region of imatinib, and markedly its role in testicular toxicity has been studied in a controversial manner in current years. This study was designed to address the repercussion of administration of groups of pups with imatinib mesylate (at neonatal or infantile periods) using histological analysis of their testes in several end points and in adulthood. Intact pups (albino-male) exposed to 200 mg/kg of oral imatinib once daily at neonatal and early infantile period on PND 1 to PND10 (for ten days). All experiments performed with age and weight matched control which administered with Distilled water. Pups were into categorized into 4 subgroups, according to the ages of euthanasia: 15 days postpartum (PND); 40days postpartum; 70 days postpartum and 140 days postpartum. The histological analysis was conducted in blind fashion after staining with (Harris Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. Ten randomly selected testicular sections from each rat were analyzed qualitatively and quantitavely. In addition, Johnsen' scores were used to analyze the effect of drug on spermatogenesis. Data were recorded and value is considered as significant when it P<0.05. imatinib induced several alterations in testicular sections in comparison with those of control group including significant reduction of number of peripheral germ cells layers at PND 15. Different histological changes were more frequent in tissues obtained from rats euthanized at PND 40 and PND70. Quantitative changes were also noticed as diminishing of seminiferous tubular diameter of the, height of epithelial layer especially at PND70. Partial recovery was noticed in sections of rats euthanized at PND140. In conclusion, imatinib does affect the histology of rat testis markedly, but this effect is reversible once the drug administration is ceased. That may provide a benefit for the specialists in planning and addressing of the fertility associated issues in young patientsthroughout their reproductive periods-who are being on imatinib treatment for gastrointestinal tumors and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

Authors reported that exposure to acetaminophen postnatally may be linked to increasing the risk of ASD. However, the reports on its effects on the brain are scanty, and the knowledge concerning their safety is little as there is a traditional left out of the clinical trials by users. The present work tried to elucidate the histological effects of acetaminophen on the hippocampus of neonate male rats after early postnatal exposure. The pups were categorized into2 groups, the control group, and the acetaminophen treated group. The acetaminophen treated animals were injected subcutaneously with acetaminophen of 60 mg/Kg/day from postnatal day (PND) 7 to PND 14, while the control group treated with normal saline with a similar approach. The histopathologic assessment revealed a diminishing in the pyramidal cells layer thickness of Cornue Ammonis. Some areas are devoid of cells with the appearance of Ghost like cells indicating features of neural cell death, degenerated neurons in the pyramidal layer are noticed. Features of nuclear clumping of pyramidal cell layer were shown. Moreover, several changes including vacuolations in the granular layer of DG with disorganization in DG. Neuronal processes presented with clumping. Apoptosis in the granular cells layer and hilus of a section of DG with the appearance of many astrocytes and microglial cells. Exposures to clinically relevant doses of acetaminophen in the postnatal period were shown to affect the histology of rat hippocampal regions, and a balanced risk assessment based on the best professional judgment must be prioritized.

The repercussion of propylthiouracil (PTU) use postnatally on brain histology have not yet been intensely scrutinized. To examine whether Withania somnifera mitigate the structural effects of propylthiouracil on rat brain, rats were distributed into group A enrolled ten pups that were received -orally-distilled water (D.W) daily from postnatal day (PND) 3 to PND 43. Group B: enrolled pups (n=8) subjected to oral doses of PTU (1 mg/kg/day) from PND 3 to PND 25. Then they were gavaged with D.W till PND 43. Group C: included pups (n=8) that were subjected orally to PTU (1mg/kg/day) PND 3 to PND 25 with receiving levothyroxine (four microgram /100g/day) from PND 25 to PND 43. Group D included pups (n=8) that were treated with oral PTU 1 mg/kg/day PND 3 to PND 25 with receiving Withania somnifera extract (200 mg/kg/day) from PND 25 to PND 43. Cerebellar sections of rats of group B exhibited disorganization of the cerebellar cortex with a falling off in the Purkinje cells' count and the appearance of degenerated cells. Hippocampal sections (of rats of group B) proclaimed a falling off in the breadth of the pyramidal zone of cornu Amonis. Sections of the cerebral cortex of rats in group B exhibited the presence of large degenerated neurons. Sections of rats' brains belonging to groups C and D showed improved cerebellar and cerebral cortex segments and hippocampal and cerebral cortical segments. Levothyroxine and Withania somnifera mitigates the structural changes in the peripubertal rat brain induced by postnatal PTU administration.

The exact mechanism of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) on submandibular salivary gland (SMG) regarding its function and histology remains unclear. The goal of this work is to clarify the histological effects of BTX-A (at high doses) in SMG in rabbits after one week. Thirty adult male rabbits were used in this study and they arranged as group 1 includes rabbits which received any treatment and kept for one week duration. Group 2 includes rabbits which received 8 units of BTX-A. Group 3 includes rabbits which received 16 units of BTX-A. Animals were euthanized with ether after one week. Specimens of SMG from all rabbits were taken to perform a routine histological preparation and examination. Sections of rabbits of group 2 and group 3 showed evidence of edema that is surrounding striated ducts, congested blood vessels, and even necrosis of both serous and mucous acini. Some sections exhibited features of degeneration of mucous acini. Hemorrhage was noticed in some sections. Injection of either 8 or 16 units of BTX-A induces several alterations in the submandibular glands' histology.