Liquid-vapor (l-v) interfaces are ubiquitous in porous media under variably saturated conditions and are inevitably engaged in pervasive processes such as multiphase flow, heat and mass transport, the phase change of water during evaporation or freezing. For instance, the competing effects of capillarity and flow viscosity control the percolation pattern of interface distribution between invading and defending fluids in geological CO 2 sequestration and enhanced oil/gas recovery (e.g., Hu et al., 2018;Kazemifar et al., 2015); the local thermocapillary flow occurred on the interfaces in process of liquid evaporation from nanopores plays an important role in natural practices of transpiration in plants and industrial procedures of water desalination (e.g., Lu et al., 2015;Plawsky et al., 2008).In particular, the fundamental mechanism of soil water evaporation is still unconcluded. The enhanced vapor diffusion found in the soil water evaporation process under thermal gradient is highly related to the l-v interface and is of significant importance in hydrology and land-atmosphere interaction (e.g., Philip & deVries, 1957;Shokri et al., 2009). Yet the role of the interface in the vapor transport enhancement mechanisms remains elusive and controversial to be determined (e.g.,

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