Purpose The mechanism underlying malignant transformation of vocal fold leukoplakia (VFL) and the precise role of the expression of pepsin in VFL remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of acidified pepsin on VFL epithelial cell growth and migration, and also identify pertinent molecular mechanisms. Methods Immunochemistry and Western blotting were performed to measure glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1), monocarboxylate transporters 4 (MCT4), and Hexokinase-II (HK-II) expressions. Cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, and migration were investigated by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry and Transwell chamber assay, respectively. Glycolysis-related contents were determined using the corresponding kits. Mitochondrial HK-II was photographed under a confocal microscope using Mito-Tracker Red. Results It was found: the expression of pepsin and proportion of pepsin+ cells in VFL increased with the increased dysplasia grade; acidified pepsin enhanced cell growth and migration capabilities of VFL epithelial cells, reduced mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I activity and oxidative phosphorylation, and enhanced aerobic glycolysis and GLUT1 expression in VFL epithelial cells; along with the transfection of GLUT1 overexpression plasmid, 18FFDG uptake, lactate secretion and growth and migration capabilities of VFL epithelial cell were increased; this effect was partially blocked by the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-glucose; acidified pepsin increased the expression of HK-II and enhanced its distribution in mitochondria of VFL epithelial cells. Conclusion It was concluded that acidified pepsin enhances VFL epithelial cell growth and migration abilities by reducing mitochondrial respiratory complex I activity and promoting metabolic reprogramming from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis.
Abstract-In order to reducing the energy consumption of the train running between the stations, ensuring punctuality and the comfort of the passengers, this paper studies the train energyefficient operation strategy. After taking account of the slope and the speed limit of the line, the model of multi-objective optimization train energy-efficient is established based on train energy consumption, running time and passenger comfort. The improved multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is used to optimize the target speed sequence to obtain the operation strategy of the train. Different from previous multi-objective optimization, the energy-efficient driving optimization method is realized by considering automatic train operation's (ATO) double-level control structure, slope equivalent strategy, and Pareto optimization in this paper. Based on the actual line data and vehicle parameters of Yizhuang line in Beijing subway, the optimization method is verified by simulation. The simulation results show that, after using the improved multi-objective genetic algorithm, the energy consumption and running time of the train in Yizhuang train station are obviously decreased, and after the train comfort is measured, the rate of change in acceleration or deceleration meet the requirements of passenger experience needs. It can be seen that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the energy consumption of the train, ensure the accuracy of the running time and improve the comfort of the passengers.
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