Anahtar Kelimeler ÖZ Yersel lazer tarama Ölçme Modelleme Nokta bulutu Lazer tarama teknolojisi optik-mekanik bir ölçme tekniğidir. Lazer tarama ile obje ve yakın çevresinin çok kısa sürede üç boyutlu konum bilgileri elde edilir. Alıcı ile nesne arasındaki mesafe ise bir elektromanyetik enerji olan lazer ışının seyahat süresi ile belirlenmektedir. Lidar tekonolojisi olarak ifade edilen bu ölçme yöntemi günümüzde farklı platformlarda yersel lazer tarama, mobil lazer tarama ve havadan lazer tarama olarak karşımıza çıkarak mekâna veya nesnelere ait 3B veri ediniminde hızlı ve doğru çözümler sunmaktadır. Günümüzde yersel lazer tarama teknolojisinin; mimari belgeleme, arkeolojik çalışmalar, 3B modelleme, madencilik çalışmaları, deformasyon analizleri, orman envanterlerinin çıkarılması gibi çeşitli mühendislik uygulamalarında kullanılması ile farklı mühendislik problemleri daha kolay çözüme ulaşabilmektedir. Ayrıca lazer tarama teknolojisi karmaşık sahnelerin yoğun nokta bulutları yoluyla hızlı bir şekilde yeniden oluşturulmasını sağlar. Bu anlamda kazaların veya adli suçların meydana geldiği karmaşık sahnelerin hızlı bir şekilde belgelenmesi, olay sonrası analizler için delil teşkil eden bilgilerin tespiti ve bunların sayısal arşivi içinde yersel lazer tarama bu görevi gerçekleştirebilen önemli bir araçtır. Bu çalışmada yersel lazer tarama ile farklı uygulamalar içinde yer alan farklı geometrik özellikteki yapılar modellenmiştir. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde SCENE, 3DReshaper, JRC 3D Reconstructor yazılımları kullanılmıştır.

No abstract

Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) techniques are widely preferred for 3D models of small and large objects, buildings, and historical and cultural heritages. However, sometimes relying on a single method for 3D modelling an object/structure is insufficient to arrive at a solution or meet expectations. For example, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) provide perspective for building roofs, while terrestrial laser scanners provide general information about building facades. In this research, several facades of a selected building could not be modelled using terrestrial laser scanning, and UAS was used to complete the missing data for 3D modelling. The transformation matrix, a linear function, is created to merge different data types. In the transformation matrix, the scale was found to be 1:1.012. The accuracy analysis of the produced 3D model was also made by comparing the spatial measurements taken from different building facades and the differences in the measurement values obtained from the 3D model and calculating statistically. According to the accuracy analysis results, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value is approximately 3 cm. The results of the accuracy research, which are within the 95% confidence interval with the three-sigma rule, are approximately 2 cm as RMSE. As a result of the study, it was determined that the data obtained from UAV photogrammetry and the data obtained by the TLS technique could be combined, and the integrated 3D model obtained can be used more efficiently.

In this study, indoor 3D modeling study of Sırçalı Masjid in located in the Karatay district of Konya province was carried out by using the terrestrial photogrammetry method. The Masjid was built in the single-domed masjid type of Seljuk period. The single-domed masjid type is a type of building with square or rectangular base area. However, in order for the dome design to fit in to a square or rectangular sub-structure, a transitional element is needed. The Turkish Triangle was used as transition elements of facilitate the transition from a square-shaped sub-structure to a circular structure in Sırçalı Masjid. With this study, the dome transition elements, which are difficult to model in terms of classical architectural survey, have been modelled successfully by the terrestrial photogrammetry technique in a short time. It has also been proven that terrestrial photogrammetry can be used effectively in the indoor 3D modelling projects.

The concept of oblique image acquisition entered the literature long after the overhead photogrammetric acquisition techniques. The oblique image acquisition technique is applied to model the edge surfaces of buildings that cannot be obtained with vertical (nadir) image acquisition and eliminate the problems that arise in the orthorectification of high-rise buildings in urban areas. Oblique image acquisition by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) independent of aerial photogrammetry is considered possible with unique flight plans. How convenient oblique image acquisition with the help of UAVs is and how it affects the final product is a popular topic studied by researchers. In this study, oblique image acquisition was performed using a rotary-wing UAV (Parrot ANAFI) whose camera can move 180°. With the help of the 3D models obtained, the building was drawn in vector and evaluated to scale. As a result, it has been understood that almost all structural deficiencies in the final products can be eliminated by oblique images. However, it has been revealed that there is still a need for other methods for structures that do not have patterns, such as flat walls.