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This study examines the effects of including the summer period on value-added assessments (VAA) of teacher and school performance at the early grades. The results indicate that 40-62% of the variance in VAA estimates originates from the summer period, depending on the outcome (i.e., reading or math achievement gains). Furthermore, when summer is omitted from the VAA model, 51-61% of the teachers and 58-61% of the schools change performance quintiles, with many changing 2-3 quintiles. Extensive statistical controls for student background and classroom and school context reduce the summer effect, but 36-47% of the teachers and 42-49% of the schools are still in different quintiles. Furthermore, besides misclassifying teachers and schools, the results show that including summer tends to bias VAA estimates against schools with concentrated poverty. The results suggest that removing summer effects from VAA estimates will likely require biannual achievement assessments (i.e., fall and spring). Keywords: accountability; school effectiveness; teacher evaluation; high stakes testing. Los efectos de la inclusión del verano en las evaluaciones de valor añadido de docentes y escuelas. Education Policy Analysis Archives Vol. 23 No. 922 Resumen: Este estudio analiza los efectos de incluir el período de verano en las evaluaciones de valor añadido (EVA) de docentes y de rendimiento escolar en los primeros grados. Los resultados indican que el 40-62% de la varianza en las estimaciones de EVA se originan en el período de verano, dependiendo del resultado (es decir, ganancias de logros en lectura o en matemáticas). Por otra parte, cuando el verano se omite del modelo EVA, desde 51-61% de los profesores y de 58-61% de las escuelas cambian sus quintiles de desempeño, y muchas cambian 2-3 quintiles. Controles estadísticos extensivos de las características de los estudiantes y de contexto escolar reducen el efecto de verano, pero 36-47% de los profesores y de 42-49% de las escuelas están todavía en diferentes quintiles. Estos resultados sugieren que la eliminación de los efectos de verano, de las estimaciones EVA probablemente requerirá evaluaciones de rendimiento bianuales (es decir, de otoño y primavera). Por otra parte, además de clasificar erróneamente a docentes y las escuelas, los resultados muestran que la inclusión de verano tiende a sesgar las estimaciones EVA en contra de las escuelas con mayores concentraciones de estudiantes en situación de pobreza. Palabras clave: rendición de cuentas; eficacia de la escuela; evaluación docente; exámenes de consecuencias severas. Os efeitos da inclusão de verão nas avaliações de valor agregado de professores e escolas.Resumo: O presente estudo analisa os efeitos de incluir o período de Verão nas avaliações de valor agregado (AVA) de professores e desempenho escolar nas séries iniciais. Os resultados indicam que 40-62% da variação nas estimativas de AVA se originam no período de verão, dependendo do resultado (ou seja, os ganhos de desempenho em leitura ou matemática). Além disso...

With the expansion of global trade and the deterioration of the marine environment, research on the sustainability of marine transport has drawn increasing scientific attention. This study takes the marine supply chain composed of Maersk and ports in 17 coastal cities in China as decision-making units (DMUs). It then chooses indicators from the three dimensions of economy, environment and society to evaluate the sustainable efficiency of the marine supply chain, Maersk and ports. In order to deal with the uncertain variables of the sustainability evaluation index, this study develops an uncertain network DEA model based on the uncertainty theory, and the computable equivalent form and proof are also provided. In addition, this study divides the decentralized marine supply chain into two modes, i.e., Maersk as leader and the port as leader, and it calculates their sustainable efficiency, respectively. These results suggest that the sustainable performance of ports is superior to that of Maersk, and the sustainable performance of the marine supply chain is better under the lead of ports, but most of the sustainable efficiencies of marine supply chains are inefficient. Therefore, ports should act as a catalyst for the development of the marine supply chain, and the management implications and suggestions for the economic, environmental, and social dimensions are also outlined at the conclusion.

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